tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24245988715021832342024-02-01T03:20:47.673-05:00Biology of the ReptiliaBiology of the Reptiliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15903004090829575819noreply@blogger.comBlogger64125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-40309326489532524932014-03-27T21:05:00.001-04:002014-04-03T16:52:54.902-04:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Ohio Diversity of Reptiles </h2>
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This blog is to serve as a review for all the Ohio specimens within the lab. For some of the species there was not specimens available, there will be indications for those certain specimens within the blog. For distribution of these species, reference Ohio Diversity Blog from last year posted by Kelly. </div>
<b>Testudines of Ohio </b>(4 Families, 12 Species) <b> </b><br />
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<b>Family: </b>Chelydridae</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT1eXa5zh8gwtqeiQ0uwXD0l6SKq48ntTSX60Si6T6CRUI29IAwfz6PFk1URxtxJalcjErpN8x3_bpGfPIBUBHcAma7Oam2igU8zB6C4Sw_wJ0bumoPMYmi_IAcL6KeuhN4Ujw2mUU2nc/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2975.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT1eXa5zh8gwtqeiQ0uwXD0l6SKq48ntTSX60Si6T6CRUI29IAwfz6PFk1URxtxJalcjErpN8x3_bpGfPIBUBHcAma7Oam2igU8zB6C4Sw_wJ0bumoPMYmi_IAcL6KeuhN4Ujw2mUU2nc/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2975.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgIZd6EldkrXCfChiA8hAuP6NTlt6FVA3arYM_WMNX3KBIdQS3UEs-8hAGmgCam0nsPa4-0HpFjbthw3w3e7gh3RgAtZtRTLoaZAq9gPOxjB6J7gpm5bChMkVr1i2kxTZ0x0L9O17Wb0/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2972.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgIZd6EldkrXCfChiA8hAuP6NTlt6FVA3arYM_WMNX3KBIdQS3UEs-8hAGmgCam0nsPa4-0HpFjbthw3w3e7gh3RgAtZtRTLoaZAq9gPOxjB6J7gpm5bChMkVr1i2kxTZ0x0L9O17Wb0/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2972.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a><br />
<i> Chelydra serpentina </i><br />
<i>Common snapping turtle</i><br />
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<ul>
<li>No supramarginal scutes</li>
<li>Highly reduced and cruciform-shaped
plastron</li>
<li>Longest tail of any turtle relative
to body size</li>
<li>Single row of marginal scutes</li>
</ul>
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<b>Family:</b> Kinosternidae </div>
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<i>Sternotherus odoratus</i></div>
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<i>Musk turtle</i></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Large Triangular Shaped Head<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Yellow-green stripe that runs from nose to neck <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Highly domed carapace<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Reduced, hinged plastron <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<b>Family: </b>Trionychidae<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: auto; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Inline image 1" height="206" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=df34070eb4&view=att&th=14509ae77e96cba5&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_14509ac51a540722&zw&atsh=1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.333333969116211px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Figure 1: <i>Apalone mutica </i>(left) compared to <i>Apalone spinifera </i>(right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
No dermal scutes<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Fleshy lips<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Reduced flattened, plastron<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Long neck, snorkel snout<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUNBbsFW8XYjfeLLjja8PT7yzKwSbXs_-b7HnLaPQ1jqN-BOWCYvdvMVhCLI4LCsoiJ30nqxH5K7nNJQpq-z9v9UTYEP3NGaYVT_aaavBwGr9XmyjV_xU832VS9bpdDzYlvmT9INmCXg/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2998.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUNBbsFW8XYjfeLLjja8PT7yzKwSbXs_-b7HnLaPQ1jqN-BOWCYvdvMVhCLI4LCsoiJ30nqxH5K7nNJQpq-z9v9UTYEP3NGaYVT_aaavBwGr9XmyjV_xU832VS9bpdDzYlvmT9INmCXg/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2998.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Apalone spinifera</i><br />
<i>Spiny soft shell turtle</i></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
End of carapace small, conical spines<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Dark circular marking on carapace<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<img height="242" 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" 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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Alpalone mutica </i>(No Specimen)<o:p></o:p><br />
<i>smooth softshell turtle</i></div>
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<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Non-ridged nostrils<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<b>Family: </b>Emydidae<o:p></o:p><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAXTgoi4U0AFPIo1SGA1Ca5h4RUkQi3_cfsBmLA-SbUfJh0rePKVLXPHMS31BSNZgLo4zxUN5_yFLm3kd6tAoOYhJJvSc96O9P9hSTxPU02p73v6iIXDEH-Y1iPlujFxuvc2QGQbE9gr0/s1600/WP_20140327_005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAXTgoi4U0AFPIo1SGA1Ca5h4RUkQi3_cfsBmLA-SbUfJh0rePKVLXPHMS31BSNZgLo4zxUN5_yFLm3kd6tAoOYhJJvSc96O9P9hSTxPU02p73v6iIXDEH-Y1iPlujFxuvc2QGQbE9gr0/s1600/WP_20140327_005.jpg" height="400" width="224" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Chrysemys picta
marginata</i><br />
<i>Midland Painted Turtle</i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Red markings, lower edge of the marginal scutes of the carapace</span></li>
<li>Head and neck contain yellow striping, two coming behind each eye and two on chin </li>
<li>Limbs have red marking and lines <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBLu6a6TMLB5dtF37VxALlX2pvnc6wvpcix89F5Qrgh4fxRwgnGGaFYDSRhuNicSwoMBtQzwKOdlWLqTc0u25qpGByMiOwKuZBDosh3LrcRX7fDd4l8Kn5lDY12m7q03bZN5qNsa8eJw/s1600/WP_20140327_003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBLu6a6TMLB5dtF37VxALlX2pvnc6wvpcix89F5Qrgh4fxRwgnGGaFYDSRhuNicSwoMBtQzwKOdlWLqTc0u25qpGByMiOwKuZBDosh3LrcRX7fDd4l8Kn5lDY12m7q03bZN5qNsa8eJw/s1600/WP_20140327_003.jpg" height="400" width="224" /></a></div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Chlemmys gutta </i><o:p></o:p><br />
<i>Spotted turtle</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Smooth flattened, black carapace<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Carapace and body filled with yellow spots<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp2UkKi4MF9e1Dz0tSy21_hTCo3PcKkBftzIOnkkfeVbCUAZUllBV0AiRh_qVPayiQ7UzRWQxqa45cII1jTfEw62uvlGHOIw6j5Lhq6JWQIunhwOrC_0HApdDYnJ9yM3tHHN7GLu_ctlU/s1600/bland.png" width="320" /></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Emydoidea
blandingii<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i>Blanding's turtle</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Bright yellow throat and chin<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Hinged plastron <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJW3MrSHLROcV1PuCXhwnb3u6ZGlWHLQNKGpusqlAPdj2q8D2fMr0BHW242_TH5AqF4rynh1RBX9XGpe5vfm9MyR3PRWMTPwUawZkw7z9K4bAnGoQIDF3WIs_15MjB4iQ8_Fnt4gc786g/s1600/WP_20140327_010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJW3MrSHLROcV1PuCXhwnb3u6ZGlWHLQNKGpusqlAPdj2q8D2fMr0BHW242_TH5AqF4rynh1RBX9XGpe5vfm9MyR3PRWMTPwUawZkw7z9K4bAnGoQIDF3WIs_15MjB4iQ8_Fnt4gc786g/s1600/WP_20140327_010.jpg" height="400" width="222" /></a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Graptemys
geographica<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i>Map turtle</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Lacks two yellow dots below the eyes <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2U1XOTuEStROJ5EEao-HsZ4mAelHDeo3uCufolEpJ8JpUSGMJ17EcEkUE7HtMA1aR0sOqusV3hyphenhyphenubwaQEqKuDYkfxTDPdLg90MCvHuFfo5v9CK1c20Lj5pFR8r0VefTeejSrI5DT_GKE/s1600/PicsArt_1370538042105.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2U1XOTuEStROJ5EEao-HsZ4mAelHDeo3uCufolEpJ8JpUSGMJ17EcEkUE7HtMA1aR0sOqusV3hyphenhyphenubwaQEqKuDYkfxTDPdLg90MCvHuFfo5v9CK1c20Lj5pFR8r0VefTeejSrI5DT_GKE/s1600/PicsArt_1370538042105.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2: <i>Chrysmeys pitca marinata </i>(top, left/right) compared to <i>Gramptemys pseudogeographica</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YVIn4_Ni2q2XLF6foNDRD7er0cFFhTwi84XVpXfh2Vp_B_Sjm6dHiezqt1QVA1MvCWL1awR1nUeQCgsBlqlWe4W0q5hieTpSW6HGEuYitpAGl4Dll8QPbBLC8grpi_UBkRbRwEZU4kk/s1600/WP_20140327_007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YVIn4_Ni2q2XLF6foNDRD7er0cFFhTwi84XVpXfh2Vp_B_Sjm6dHiezqt1QVA1MvCWL1awR1nUeQCgsBlqlWe4W0q5hieTpSW6HGEuYitpAGl4Dll8QPbBLC8grpi_UBkRbRwEZU4kk/s1600/WP_20140327_007.jpg" height="400" width="224" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Graptemys
pseudogeographica</i><br />
<i>False Map turtle</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Yellow patch behind eye which can extent to the top of the head, in the shape of a hockey stick <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2LcpJCNSANVtY1FK6loxHE7pYmyxcKg3LWcQ8Y1HUp-j-BT42B79DRE2ONVS6vtdgIwJgFA7kF-GcfkJrjdRbWL1gLsTlO1PhlLHv2eAYnQPCZ5VD53DyGwP0Ogk-N6CwQkxykkaAOpw/s1600/cooter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2LcpJCNSANVtY1FK6loxHE7pYmyxcKg3LWcQ8Y1HUp-j-BT42B79DRE2ONVS6vtdgIwJgFA7kF-GcfkJrjdRbWL1gLsTlO1PhlLHv2eAYnQPCZ5VD53DyGwP0Ogk-N6CwQkxykkaAOpw/s1600/cooter.png" height="199" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Pseudemys concinna</i> (No Specimen)<br />
<i>River Cooter</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Brownish/greenish color with contrasting yellow stripes<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Yellow stripes on chin in a Y – shape <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Swirled yellow patterns on carapace <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
C – shaped second pleural scute<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
Tooth-like cusps in upper jaw <o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Terrapene carolina<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i>Eastern Box turtle</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<i> </i>Highly domed carapace </div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLjItNVa8c3qM3w_R8H59f2SyrSEEB_qOlBb1WqELk3KJt7jw1-yxt88SYVjdoW6zXnumtI2y5w6uzQ7pAsEEop6H2-qbDLnTd2Z3BYc2nGVK590K-UK5D-en6ZK2V6cukjSCLeNAdS0/s1600/WP_20140327_004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLjItNVa8c3qM3w_R8H59f2SyrSEEB_qOlBb1WqELk3KJt7jw1-yxt88SYVjdoW6zXnumtI2y5w6uzQ7pAsEEop6H2-qbDLnTd2Z3BYc2nGVK590K-UK5D-en6ZK2V6cukjSCLeNAdS0/s1600/WP_20140327_004.jpg" height="400" width="222" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Trachemys scripta </i><br />
<i>Red-eared slider</i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li>Broad red or orange patch behind each eye</li>
<li>Greenish-brown carapace with yellow and black bands</li>
<li>Yellowish plastron with a black blotch on each scute</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<o:p><strong>Serpentes of Ohio </strong>(4 Families, 21 Species)</o:p><br />
<o:p><strong><br /></strong></o:p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Viperidae</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
unsplit caudal scales, prominent pits<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFG16_hPWwAfidsdPV5mh-TjI0OFUpMvK6KhVL49I0RHuQvNfemx4wSLvaPBYdxbxGuW7892hjcEvkzgyi0p58pPHf25XaqtY3mfhdLODxgabjWH6dDMXHC7nvUOIGqvgbPoiEXe4u-dI/s1600/DSCF1179.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFG16_hPWwAfidsdPV5mh-TjI0OFUpMvK6KhVL49I0RHuQvNfemx4wSLvaPBYdxbxGuW7892hjcEvkzgyi0p58pPHf25XaqtY3mfhdLODxgabjWH6dDMXHC7nvUOIGqvgbPoiEXe4u-dI/s1600/DSCF1179.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sistrurus catenatus</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
smaller snake with rattles, saddles on back<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0_vkfrBbFKLdJQwO0qwRXX7jUoNcpl_r9GgolhIcJc4PPwMd0QnHF18ttngvC8zCUZf_3a-4NJwSvRXv9QNDx3UfyU4Dvbey4dwJGsOi5-xSPPjRudYKGOGRQ-S6RVFtRvLlClYMcYY/s1600/DSCF1180.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0_vkfrBbFKLdJQwO0qwRXX7jUoNcpl_r9GgolhIcJc4PPwMd0QnHF18ttngvC8zCUZf_3a-4NJwSvRXv9QNDx3UfyU4Dvbey4dwJGsOi5-xSPPjRudYKGOGRQ-S6RVFtRvLlClYMcYY/s1600/DSCF1180.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crotalus horridus</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
larger rattlesnake, heavily keeled scales, very
dark banding pattern<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFQYPEun17FMs1ygfp1QLK9umCLHiZmS9ANlw8VPpD04PXemsGpWr3Lb4nUtqpbuVTLRAy-wSkWE3b7TAGpglo8w2zqUob6IMHcbQs_pUosNiJQpdnJTP0kCWIqBikfV8rdyLK8o1heE/s1600/DSCF1182.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFQYPEun17FMs1ygfp1QLK9umCLHiZmS9ANlw8VPpD04PXemsGpWr3Lb4nUtqpbuVTLRAy-wSkWE3b7TAGpglo8w2zqUob6IMHcbQs_pUosNiJQpdnJTP0kCWIqBikfV8rdyLK8o1heE/s1600/DSCF1182.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Agkistrodon contortrix</i></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
smaller snake with no rattle, prominent fat
hourglass markings on side<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Natricidae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5UjAyAdlvEaZyUly4OfglBuVHcDxL6QYObz-4hwz4FWvcQcqH33AAudxxI1zNBEa7MKCkjX4VUYgrN0MQdQ9jaqHYSlDXuFGSbkJPSBkUIl4BROC5lMIMs0F9LOqppi-XZMQeG15aajo/s1600/DSCF1178.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5UjAyAdlvEaZyUly4OfglBuVHcDxL6QYObz-4hwz4FWvcQcqH33AAudxxI1zNBEa7MKCkjX4VUYgrN0MQdQ9jaqHYSlDXuFGSbkJPSBkUIl4BROC5lMIMs0F9LOqppi-XZMQeG15aajo/s1600/DSCF1178.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nerodia sipedon</i><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
Strongly keeled scales, mottled belly, large,
crossbands that go over body<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPhUIEgH8dEl-1qfuxcmR6ThJEDvd142aaEUXLEXqNal9l6v4hsAEsMk2g7vEfRAzo7ZGhInP0IMeHf06fmpddoaLKEtISf8FWZNY2R2xqWu11vPn7n0ATGzp6juMySQIm7wHx0_Wf8E/s1600/DSCF1183.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPhUIEgH8dEl-1qfuxcmR6ThJEDvd142aaEUXLEXqNal9l6v4hsAEsMk2g7vEfRAzo7ZGhInP0IMeHf06fmpddoaLKEtISf8FWZNY2R2xqWu11vPn7n0ATGzp6juMySQIm7wHx0_Wf8E/s1600/DSCF1183.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thamnophis butleri</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
stripe on scale row 2-3-4, very rare in Ohio<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZfaAbsWXF4NglOOuZNBAfYcQweRk14zfpBxFaVcOrwIABM01CuL6xzcCDooFFI-89gwtRkgvM79_-NRBswb8JDuFk4PbwsVlehnlkUCRo3T40Jh9IIY3aIWQiOhKJfgtrRN4-ZOHO6A/s1600/DSCF1184.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZfaAbsWXF4NglOOuZNBAfYcQweRk14zfpBxFaVcOrwIABM01CuL6xzcCDooFFI-89gwtRkgvM79_-NRBswb8JDuFk4PbwsVlehnlkUCRo3T40Jh9IIY3aIWQiOhKJfgtrRN4-ZOHO6A/s1600/DSCF1184.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thamnophis sirtalis</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
Stripe on 2-3<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://ndis.nrel.colostate.edu/herpatlas/coherpatlas/images/Species/Snakes/plainsgartersnake1.jpg" height="277" width="400" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thamnphis radix </i>(No Specimen) </div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
stripe on 3-4, black bars on supralabial scales<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img 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" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thamnophis sauritus </i>(No Specimen) </div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
stripe on 3-4</div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
long, slender tail; </div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
brown ventrolateral stripe on ventral scales and scale row 1-2<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyOYLp7hx0o2LpOnhtarqwy3EEU9RVJyTX-GseeOlHtXMp8FxbjxyR40imXhA8BtcXEvmiMt8GFzNORxC-mzHK_82rI3U8S5wzzyBG6sHqa7cIT-2nY7qrrJqVH3aao3BtNTu372E7eY/s1600/DSCF1186.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyOYLp7hx0o2LpOnhtarqwy3EEU9RVJyTX-GseeOlHtXMp8FxbjxyR40imXhA8BtcXEvmiMt8GFzNORxC-mzHK_82rI3U8S5wzzyBG6sHqa7cIT-2nY7qrrJqVH3aao3BtNTu372E7eY/s1600/DSCF1186.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regina septemvittata</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
lateral light stripe, ventral dark stripes</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyak3EXMNqH0K9YNWBNXP-iMHpDoetIWMl4Odsfx5AmRq-mlpbWTFAmK4rX6ZgYsBX5yWWBfYHrq4hNB012IpXTZTTQaqlKZBjaW2sp7CFFOgkXng2ebmqCowPyt2D4WE9diRcqMzXK0/s1600/DSCF1196.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyak3EXMNqH0K9YNWBNXP-iMHpDoetIWMl4Odsfx5AmRq-mlpbWTFAmK4rX6ZgYsBX5yWWBfYHrq4hNB012IpXTZTTQaqlKZBjaW2sp7CFFOgkXng2ebmqCowPyt2D4WE9diRcqMzXK0/s1600/DSCF1196.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Storeria occipitomaculata</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
Two spots on nape of neck at back of
head, small<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXxjS3LQRKbBJzGDmWr_4gDFE_eB5aK3Ph02SrMOqBvTJhpg2vo_OM6zp57b1mTOkhTatgm7880atbN-21-NNzJJmsLsCLAkrhK89dGvNAWpV5RcoY5vGwoFj2thBFEN1-JIFStj5x90s/s1600/DSCF1197.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXxjS3LQRKbBJzGDmWr_4gDFE_eB5aK3Ph02SrMOqBvTJhpg2vo_OM6zp57b1mTOkhTatgm7880atbN-21-NNzJJmsLsCLAkrhK89dGvNAWpV5RcoY5vGwoFj2thBFEN1-JIFStj5x90s/s1600/DSCF1197.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Storeria dekayi</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
No spots, appearance of ‘sideburns’ sometimes,
small<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Dipsadidae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEild7rtzOmeQ54pVgpzvtT9RSh0D5VSUYjWoSkSLaBd-C9FylJHV6dOXHIpV957slxOoD4uEmF01ZUiUZrtRhfDw7zQR7_I7Um1LCDTTuKVhFXXwbn3ZgoudX7FvQocpMeXXWD1tOwIVbY/s1600/DSCF1199.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEild7rtzOmeQ54pVgpzvtT9RSh0D5VSUYjWoSkSLaBd-C9FylJHV6dOXHIpV957slxOoD4uEmF01ZUiUZrtRhfDw7zQR7_I7Um1LCDTTuKVhFXXwbn3ZgoudX7FvQocpMeXXWD1tOwIVbY/s1600/DSCF1199.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diadophis punctatus</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
ring on neck, small, bright red/ orange belly<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3WB4AUlgiYTRNiCMXJsqdbTlpDkt_tL92qDb25qIMHyqu8p25drUnNqzBcnYEQOGuq07ZTQ2cAo5OffqC-9vB4a57QemEO3w716V7m0D2H-t6CPKraYBCohpoJZbkRDpySE-ikFdWNg/s1600/DSCF1201.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3WB4AUlgiYTRNiCMXJsqdbTlpDkt_tL92qDb25qIMHyqu8p25drUnNqzBcnYEQOGuq07ZTQ2cAo5OffqC-9vB4a57QemEO3w716V7m0D2H-t6CPKraYBCohpoJZbkRDpySE-ikFdWNg/s1600/DSCF1201.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Carphophis amoenus</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
tiny head compared to body, olivy-drab dorsum
(light when preserved), fluorescent pink belly<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sX3oFavs9weCv-PCObTNK0sDI5sW8Kb7txdMmq0gbv0mdySbY0TnOswgkTADPNp2HOVEsVX8lfETz5YE3R81xlMApYHDDCx3rVYy1VSnRoYs_2CO4NIhSYiE28l-wT3Q2f13tTygCgE/s1600/DSCF1203.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sX3oFavs9weCv-PCObTNK0sDI5sW8Kb7txdMmq0gbv0mdySbY0TnOswgkTADPNp2HOVEsVX8lfETz5YE3R81xlMApYHDDCx3rVYy1VSnRoYs_2CO4NIhSYiE28l-wT3Q2f13tTygCgE/s1600/DSCF1203.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Heterodon platirhinos</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
upturned rostrum scales<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Colubridae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7qNE0CcHke1gqzsN8i21XxDsXKn_cAzcK85pNW9oWkkwUBQ-_IxVv3lR5_rPSbT2B_vV4fM8zv_OiUY-Al7IOv7THHKK31WZdbGgCyU_kuNZrsr36FfyGjPfdRCl_FtxnEtA1ot0ZEo/s1600/DSCF1205.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7qNE0CcHke1gqzsN8i21XxDsXKn_cAzcK85pNW9oWkkwUBQ-_IxVv3lR5_rPSbT2B_vV4fM8zv_OiUY-Al7IOv7THHKK31WZdbGgCyU_kuNZrsr36FfyGjPfdRCl_FtxnEtA1ot0ZEo/s1600/DSCF1205.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opheodrys vernalis</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
unkeeled scales, bright green<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.uta.edu/biology/herpetology/Opheodrys%20op.JPG" height="299" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opheodrys aestivus </i>(No Specimen)</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
keeled scales, bright green<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbQQ35hSujPpd38l5Yc2Vh5ra1ZJH1xD1-V3OQg4qTAJIf5i1mM8AP_d_V2fOIAp_NlGTS77HYRCsgHYH6_D8bKAPhgwekAiEOeyDCfHvfCgNUvOrICd93ozTqhOO4HZS4sDRPHuRJqI/s1600/DSCF1204.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbQQ35hSujPpd38l5Yc2Vh5ra1ZJH1xD1-V3OQg4qTAJIf5i1mM8AP_d_V2fOIAp_NlGTS77HYRCsgHYH6_D8bKAPhgwekAiEOeyDCfHvfCgNUvOrICd93ozTqhOO4HZS4sDRPHuRJqI/s1600/DSCF1204.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lampropeltis triangulum</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
peppered checkering on ventral scales,
prominent blotch pattern on dorsum<o:p></o:p></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgGb8x4NcQPVXhzxymPXIRFsAhdmyfwmp8M3Qek45rA42J82WkiaLJ6b4RVFi7djUENx1ASDgNi78OVgcNWvPmosxBgSp4qm-OUlCYHxTSnJ7dUDHYJtvAp_pz41pvPK_tyTi6icMVHI/s1600/DSCF1217.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgGb8x4NcQPVXhzxymPXIRFsAhdmyfwmp8M3Qek45rA42J82WkiaLJ6b4RVFi7djUENx1ASDgNi78OVgcNWvPmosxBgSp4qm-OUlCYHxTSnJ7dUDHYJtvAp_pz41pvPK_tyTi6icMVHI/s1600/DSCF1217.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lampropeltis getula</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
black dorsum, checkering on ventral scales<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHG3O84Zkt31gjV0y1SlczAOOyPi3SuutdtFBLs_GMCsEznGxLVebB8TXhrg5OdPP3buZjVBJgjhDSj4sqaUXGDi1D2NNqB7cmJ-j63sJ-LubaBAHP0yfROFz9J15xktvUnicTbzUKQco/s1600/DSCF1210.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHG3O84Zkt31gjV0y1SlczAOOyPi3SuutdtFBLs_GMCsEznGxLVebB8TXhrg5OdPP3buZjVBJgjhDSj4sqaUXGDi1D2NNqB7cmJ-j63sJ-LubaBAHP0yfROFz9J15xktvUnicTbzUKQco/s1600/DSCF1210.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coluber constrictor</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
eyes looking forward, ventral scales uniform<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnjWIYozEpZ-Cpgw9mwx48VrUjoZR8bxyj1gvc4tAceBTv2cbNrSbGhlqUxIEp_PoiLqNiRlM-hQqnBeJdNElms_Xd6gh7A_j63b0So2vUlgvMbjOA5O_aUqmu0Z4C1rdwsYVz_GSIJo/s1600/DSCF1208.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnjWIYozEpZ-Cpgw9mwx48VrUjoZR8bxyj1gvc4tAceBTv2cbNrSbGhlqUxIEp_PoiLqNiRlM-hQqnBeJdNElms_Xd6gh7A_j63b0So2vUlgvMbjOA5O_aUqmu0Z4C1rdwsYVz_GSIJo/s1600/DSCF1208.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pantherophis obsoletus</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
big snake, uniform black as adult, non-round
body cross-section<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUKLnuXD_bldKjDxF_641HgoZA3MCkegSS7B0nKxKg6WqZaJyjaLLzbkqKZ1YJTq5ooAn9a74963Ay5gfW6hD1YEoLR3cB_ojwTgXVVlL8lPsOZpDfNuAWycPkn45Iamp-UO-CTjfFIDM/s1600/DSCF1207.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUKLnuXD_bldKjDxF_641HgoZA3MCkegSS7B0nKxKg6WqZaJyjaLLzbkqKZ1YJTq5ooAn9a74963Ay5gfW6hD1YEoLR3cB_ojwTgXVVlL8lPsOZpDfNuAWycPkn45Iamp-UO-CTjfFIDM/s1600/DSCF1207.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pantherophis vulpina</i></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
big snake, patterned dorsum, non-round body
cross-section</div>
</li>
</ul>
<strong>Lepidosaurs of Ohio </strong>(2 Families, 4 Species)<br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Phrynosomatidae<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinADk2X_XPy7DyMoxw2BgUCoMsAgQ9PCKkJCYcfjon6Bs1oRvbETnVoz4TMpZmXVULIPcNmVuAP_8HV-WaQpYAYH0LIMayb3gg4S6lh2CGTVxoB5l0tDLiSBTOivTJ4LSZgEuesUiboHQ/s1600/sceloporus+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinADk2X_XPy7DyMoxw2BgUCoMsAgQ9PCKkJCYcfjon6Bs1oRvbETnVoz4TMpZmXVULIPcNmVuAP_8HV-WaQpYAYH0LIMayb3gg4S6lh2CGTVxoB5l0tDLiSBTOivTJ4LSZgEuesUiboHQ/s1600/sceloporus+.jpg" height="208" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<em>Sceloperus undulatus </em>(no specimen)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Northern Fence Lizard)</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<strong>Family: </strong>Scincidae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpuQfVGwr1OyJtIjcSQLWHaj_wfv_Wwg8GHFj_y63yjRaJmKHtJZGuqBBG3jB0LXaiWwsCeIZFiAuLA7GEJS7ndXns4w7TmBZ-Y_wmC1YTxtZeM1uBHK8kGYlPtwujYTlREiKs4xs0rBg/s1600/DSCF1191.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpuQfVGwr1OyJtIjcSQLWHaj_wfv_Wwg8GHFj_y63yjRaJmKHtJZGuqBBG3jB0LXaiWwsCeIZFiAuLA7GEJS7ndXns4w7TmBZ-Y_wmC1YTxtZeM1uBHK8kGYlPtwujYTlREiKs4xs0rBg/s1600/DSCF1191.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scincella lateralis</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Ground Skink)</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
small, very reduced limbs, long slender body,
no conspicuous stripes<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jZoZITo-wr5rrlmIyT8qq5iHCrNR7fiX6tH5uWQQSuzuouBRwVsGSpq7DTt-eNzN_xe5wkfGRkII1tU1VfJqRSzFcD04d5tog_U135Fdc_mIeCxoNzpypp8kyPFDEaPs4J3kvfIZsTc/s1600/DSCF1190.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jZoZITo-wr5rrlmIyT8qq5iHCrNR7fiX6tH5uWQQSuzuouBRwVsGSpq7DTt-eNzN_xe5wkfGRkII1tU1VfJqRSzFcD04d5tog_U135Fdc_mIeCxoNzpypp8kyPFDEaPs4J3kvfIZsTc/s1600/DSCF1190.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plestiodon fasciatus</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Five-lined Skink)</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
five prominent stripes, four labial scales
anterior to subocular scale<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCZuHFcfwL2ZAOUqMf34sw9kWdiBvyylIbU6GdaoGoTb3-cGcfwTsAK4lzBJSsw6gTD-xWXhU2yyGMOMHSD3s5H0xuqmCBsTeZAY1zZGCLCaMGFalWgF78EFDLhWzHRz2wIZZ6CleQhs/s1600/DSCF1188.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCZuHFcfwL2ZAOUqMf34sw9kWdiBvyylIbU6GdaoGoTb3-cGcfwTsAK4lzBJSsw6gTD-xWXhU2yyGMOMHSD3s5H0xuqmCBsTeZAY1zZGCLCaMGFalWgF78EFDLhWzHRz2wIZZ6CleQhs/s1600/DSCF1188.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plestiodon laticeps</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Broad-head Skink)</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
five labial scales anterior to subocular scale<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRSKuJiXwWEW4gRwA4n_Bwww3_xKgWvzCc3t1UPilp1CLKcBYcd-MDATCA5QqdM5-65BWt6FwMdvpVc-aFFDQ63QPWkvrYrF0AXLnq3KvIJeEoGzQ30HGDyIJ80GrSBjUDYMmd1LAPh8/s1600/CoalSkink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRSKuJiXwWEW4gRwA4n_Bwww3_xKgWvzCc3t1UPilp1CLKcBYcd-MDATCA5QqdM5-65BWt6FwMdvpVc-aFFDQ63QPWkvrYrF0AXLnq3KvIJeEoGzQ30HGDyIJ80GrSBjUDYMmd1LAPh8/s1600/CoalSkink.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<em>Plestiodon anthracinus </em>(no specimen)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Northern Coal Skink) </div>
</div>
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">In this week's lab we took a trip to the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo to explore the Global Reptile Diversity. Below you will find all of the species which we discovered at the CMZ arranged phylogenetically by Order and alphabetically by Family. Each species account contains the scientific name, the common name, a bit about the animal's biology and it's range, including a photo and a range map (just click the photo to see a larger </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">view</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">). In addition, each account has the link to the Reptile Database account for that species and a link to the CMZ webpage (if available). Enjoy! </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">--KJ, JZ, JT, & AC </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Order Testudines<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">_______________________________________________________________</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Family: Carettochelyidae</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZbz7tqOPk4ROlJ29P7qzfewGlaVbg8von7D-FPZJ18LXWLlPfFFhjCApocQuiNgiC4uwursSMsXad_ghNEd0uZrOwHI8JDrSlOohG4Ds_3KbdV0iSYWB-dnvizDj1LVLKfXvMt2IGtnXb/s1600/Carettochelys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZbz7tqOPk4ROlJ29P7qzfewGlaVbg8von7D-FPZJ18LXWLlPfFFhjCApocQuiNgiC4uwursSMsXad_ghNEd0uZrOwHI8JDrSlOohG4Ds_3KbdV0iSYWB-dnvizDj1LVLKfXvMt2IGtnXb/s1600/Carettochelys.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Carettochelys insculpta</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Fly river turtle)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The fly river turtle is a pig-nosed turtle with a
leathery carapace. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They are highly
territorial and males have longer, narrower tails than females.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are no scutes on the shell, rather it
is covered in cutaneous skin.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Papua New Guinea (Fly, Strickland, Morehead,
Lorentz, Stekwa rivers, Lake Jamur), Australia (Northern Territory [Daly, Victoria, Alligator drainages])</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Carettochelys&species=insculpta&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Carettochelys+insculpta%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Carettochelys insculpta</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Turtle-Fly-River-199.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Carettochelys insculpta</i></a></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">_________________________________________________________________</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Family:
Chelidae</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Chelodina mccordi</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (McCord’s snake-necked turtle)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The McCord’s snake-necked turtle is one of the most
endangered turtles in the world (IUCN).
The neck of the McCord’s snake-necked turtle is approximately the same
length as the carapace.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Indonesia (Roti Island)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Chelodina&species=mccordi&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Chelodina+mccordi%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Chelodina mccordi</i></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihKU-IqQm5Dyf56Qd1B2T-Vfv_tE_myW6FTJY6fmUvUjjqj2qV0Jl8bAB5uOrUSuA8Oi1lhhyphenhyphenbKjl73FU7YmKOB26eBx2crHiZyxyjNQHStnE-nxj8P5t4G1aFVcYqVkeGjUcjF2wNF-H/s1600/Chelodia+oblonga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihKU-IqQm5Dyf56Qd1B2T-Vfv_tE_myW6FTJY6fmUvUjjqj2qV0Jl8bAB5uOrUSuA8Oi1lhhyphenhyphenbKjl73FU7YmKOB26eBx2crHiZyxyjNQHStnE-nxj8P5t4G1aFVcYqVkeGjUcjF2wNF-H/s1600/Chelodia+oblonga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihKU-IqQm5Dyf56Qd1B2T-Vfv_tE_myW6FTJY6fmUvUjjqj2qV0Jl8bAB5uOrUSuA8Oi1lhhyphenhyphenbKjl73FU7YmKOB26eBx2crHiZyxyjNQHStnE-nxj8P5t4G1aFVcYqVkeGjUcjF2wNF-H/s1600/Chelodia+oblonga.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Chelodina </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oblonga</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Siebenrock’s snake-necked turtle)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Siebenrock’s snake-necked turtle is a side-necked
turtle. They are carnivorous ambush gape
predators known to eat invertebrates, fish and hatchling turtles. Males tend to have longer, narrower tails
than females. They have round head in
profile which helps to distinguish this species from other members of the genus</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">N Australia (from the Cape York Peninsula westward
to the Kimberley District of W Australia; North Territory, Queensland, West
Australia)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Chelodina&species=oblonga&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Chelodina+oblonga%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Chelodina oblonga</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Emydura
subglobosa</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Red-bellied side-necked turtle)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Red-bellied side-necked turtles are highly aquatic
and carnivorous. The male is smaller
than the female and has a longer tail and they are oviparous.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S New Guinea, Australia (Jardine River at the
northern tip of the Cape York Penisula, Queensland)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Emydura&species=subglobosa&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Emydura+subglobosa%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Emydura subglobosa</i></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_fYxV56jpE5r-Z7XQGV9NhYDJPBI2qphLNNeNgaLpuFuJjx_wct6oGvl88pUTjGmleMb9AXIIW8Y-c8CDD6lWuJvhCEpgUwysAsI9AaWJq18SVr16azyRYp3o4V-H4GlwJ2QLbv_3FBFS/s1600/SBSN+T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_fYxV56jpE5r-Z7XQGV9NhYDJPBI2qphLNNeNgaLpuFuJjx_wct6oGvl88pUTjGmleMb9AXIIW8Y-c8CDD6lWuJvhCEpgUwysAsI9AaWJq18SVr16azyRYp3o4V-H4GlwJ2QLbv_3FBFS/s1600/SBSN+T.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Phrynops
hilarii</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Spot-bellied side-necked turtle)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The spot-bellied side-necked turtle has black spots
on its ventral surface. They are also carnivores,
oviparous and spend much of their time basking near deep slow moving rivers.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-PR" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Brazil (Rio
Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Phrynops&species=hilarii&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Phrynops+hilarii%27%29%29" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Phrynops hilarii</i></span></a></span></div>
<h2>
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<h2>
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<em style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><b>_______________________________________________________________</b></span></em></div>
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<em style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><b>Family: Geoemydidae</b></span></em></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjViCgTwQp7o4YAJ4uYmgEkDi4lVFQjBifcWAisKAdg2_fXNcnCgRt7wVvEUcKfX3DN_Shgma44-qTSVhZnpMiWYYWCWe_Z4R_3Kz3tAox93uqZCX9m-lUnvOXzbYW9HXmQ1j6BpJ5OvJxR/s1600/Geoemydidae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjViCgTwQp7o4YAJ4uYmgEkDi4lVFQjBifcWAisKAdg2_fXNcnCgRt7wVvEUcKfX3DN_Shgma44-qTSVhZnpMiWYYWCWe_Z4R_3Kz3tAox93uqZCX9m-lUnvOXzbYW9HXmQ1j6BpJ5OvJxR/s1600/Geoemydidae+dist.jpg" height="195" width="400" /></a></div>
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<em style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">________________________________________________________________</span></em></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimq4cekzGjXStq8rqANgE_h6vG5kb0hLnEmGwFHtAOLNpE3XOGHGOw0jupAh1-FfQx4YmK5_15tsQpJYErNq_-uWlNhPHHjsZE-CH9sV2cwAOKKL17V4A1N3noOXVkbumyl3i_TqRPdy_T/s1600/B+aff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimq4cekzGjXStq8rqANgE_h6vG5kb0hLnEmGwFHtAOLNpE3XOGHGOw0jupAh1-FfQx4YmK5_15tsQpJYErNq_-uWlNhPHHjsZE-CH9sV2cwAOKKL17V4A1N3noOXVkbumyl3i_TqRPdy_T/s1600/B+aff.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Batagur affinis</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Southern river terrapin) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The southern river terrapin are in danger as the
eggs are eaten and used in traditional medicine in southeast Asia. The carapace can grow up to two feet in
length. The diet of the southern river
terrapin is vegetarian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Myanmar (= Burma) (Irrawaddy River), S Thailand, S
Vietnam, Cambodia, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Batagur&species=affinis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Batagur+affinis%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Batagur affinis</i></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGFUa02YblDatVzE-HWvVyXBChQtBoELpw-mRJH5e0dKcBk8jGH80Ko1swbjtBlLrO47xmkEBtRvT_ERyDpvirtWbeh2Q0mGSLGNmp_K44jI_Su1FPKsG-WOwyopDsX9BsvLfFbPDcTOuT/s1600/B+borneo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGFUa02YblDatVzE-HWvVyXBChQtBoELpw-mRJH5e0dKcBk8jGH80Ko1swbjtBlLrO47xmkEBtRvT_ERyDpvirtWbeh2Q0mGSLGNmp_K44jI_Su1FPKsG-WOwyopDsX9BsvLfFbPDcTOuT/s1600/B+borneo.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
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<em style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batagur borneoensis</span></em><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Painted terrapin) </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the most endangered turtles (IUCN). Juveniles have medial and lateral keels on
the pleural scutes which disappear with maturity. The painted terrapin has a pointed snout, a
shallow medial notch on the upper jaw and small scales on the back of the
head. Males are smaller than females and
have longer, thicker tails.
Additionally, during the mating season, males heads will become white
with a red stripe between the eyes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S Thailand, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra,
Borneo)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Batagur&species=borneoensis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Batagur+borneoensis%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Batagur borneoensis</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Terrapin-Malaysian-Painted-191.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Batagur (Callagur) borneoensis</i></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvLicuV5Smq8m3xIl_4mpgkki8Pp92A5pJBPYZXZHB_0p-wOuotWm0KPMUxIEaHnzSb77bUJtXeeUnUw7d1rCzIGf375UVRzLIqPBJi9z_A0iXK-N9ZUeSXRvA5NwzFhBdb1bmHOgKMafC/s1600/Box.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvLicuV5Smq8m3xIl_4mpgkki8Pp92A5pJBPYZXZHB_0p-wOuotWm0KPMUxIEaHnzSb77bUJtXeeUnUw7d1rCzIGf375UVRzLIqPBJi9z_A0iXK-N9ZUeSXRvA5NwzFhBdb1bmHOgKMafC/s1600/Box.jpg" height="320" width="255" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cuora galbinifrons</span></i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Indochinese box turtle) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Indochinese box turtle is not aquatic unlike
many other species of the genus <i>Cuora</i>. The carapace has variable pattern with a
light stripe down the midline. These
turtles are carnivorous. There is also
little difference between the sexes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam), China (Hainan Island,
Guangxi)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cuora&species=galbinifrons&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cuora+galbinifrons%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Cuora galbinifrons</i></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYYMnp-X6gwh4BwGm7R-tE2umbpW3bZRbvicomwPn9nmdzmgobPvR8eXnKrdVOfkjl7ItEtWbsOgSdWfwU4rmda_xr2DCZAfpQgLHK6BCJV2YZ7m4dDK6WsJkP2_7SfPfOuNkCdRxRjP9g/s1600/Hamiltoni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYYMnp-X6gwh4BwGm7R-tE2umbpW3bZRbvicomwPn9nmdzmgobPvR8eXnKrdVOfkjl7ItEtWbsOgSdWfwU4rmda_xr2DCZAfpQgLHK6BCJV2YZ7m4dDK6WsJkP2_7SfPfOuNkCdRxRjP9g/s1600/Hamiltoni.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Geoclemys hamiltonii</span></i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Spotted pond turtle) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The spotted pond turtle has white or yellow spots on
the shell, neck and legs. The digits are
webbed to the claws and the tail is short.
The carapace is keeled with raised prominences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S Pakistan (Indus and Ganges river drainages), N
India (Assam), Bangladesh</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Geoclemys&species=hamiltonii&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Geoclemys+hamiltonii%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Geoclemys hamiltonii</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Turtle-Spotted-Pond-201.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Geoclemys hamiltonii</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________________________________________________________</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family: Podocnemididae</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Podocnemis erythrocephala</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (Yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle) <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This turtle has yellow spots on the side of its head
which fade with age. The yellow spotted
Amazon river turtles are side-necked turtles.
Females will lay two clutches of eggs per year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caribbean drainages of Guyana, French Guiana,
Venezuela, and Colombia, Trinidad, Tobago, upper tributaries of the Amazon
River in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia, S Venezuela, and Brazil, USA
(introduced to Florida)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Podocnemis&species=erythrocephala&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Podocnemis+cayennensis%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Podocnemis erythrocephala</i></a></span></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family: Testudinidae</span></b></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Chelonoidis</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">carbonaria</span></em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (Red-footed tortoise) <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The red-footed tortoise has a domed carapace which
is flat on top. These turtles also have
elephantine limbs with red or yellow spots on the head and limbs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">SE Panama, Colombia (west of the Andes in Choco),
east of the Andes in E Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, E
Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro; seems absent from almost all but the eastern
parts of the Amazon Basin: Rio Grande do Sul, Goias, Espírito Santo etc.),
Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, Trinidad, Virgin Islands (St. Croix);
introduced to a number of Carribean Islands (incl. Providencia, Grenadine
islands), Nicaragua (Great Corn Island)</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Chelonoidis&species=carbonaria&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Chelonoidis+carbonaria%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Chelonoidis carbonaria</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Tortoise-Red-Footed-194.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Chelonoidis</i> (<i>Geochelone) carbonaria</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pyxis
arachnoides</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Northern spider tortoise) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The norther spider tortoise has a spider web pattern
on its carapace. The shell is curved and
wider near the tail. The head is dark
with yellow spots. Males have longer,
thicker tails than females. They are
mostly vegetarian, but are known to feed on cow droppings containing insect
larvae.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Madagascar (along the S coast from the Mahajamba
River southward around Cape Sainte-Marie almost to Fort-Dauphin)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Pyxis&species=arachnoides&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Pyxis+arachnoides%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Pyxis arachnoides</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Tortoise-Madagascan-Spider-193.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Pyxis arachnoides brygooi</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Order Squamata (Sauria/Lacertilia)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Family:<i>
</i>Chamaeleonidae</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Furcifer
pardalis</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Panther chameleon)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Panther chameleon is foot is specialized for its
arboreal lifestyle. Chameleon feet are zygodactyl, the five digits fusing into
a group of two on the outside and a group of three on the inside. Panther
chameleons also have prehensile tails as well as having the ability to rotate
both eyes independently to search for prey. When prey is located both eyes are
focused giving the chameleon sharp vision, which is important for hunting with
their extremely long tongue. Chameleons also have arcrodont teeth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Tropical regions of Northern and Eastern Madagascar</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Furcifer&species=pardalis&search_param=%28%28search=%27Furcifer+pardalis%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Furcifer pardalis</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family:
Gekkonidae</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKkT-kYQs-XANyEOUFxsFFj-qDFMa7jxlLUeFlVUZNWFAk1yNuVhDvddPRKdkNClPSK5OPf1XgnDLWMpQjhg9zlIVQ_X20KdUx0jdrE7f7TCpNzfUcMV64xS4UlN0blgc1XS3f4jyO18Z/s1600/Gekkonidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKkT-kYQs-XANyEOUFxsFFj-qDFMa7jxlLUeFlVUZNWFAk1yNuVhDvddPRKdkNClPSK5OPf1XgnDLWMpQjhg9zlIVQ_X20KdUx0jdrE7f7TCpNzfUcMV64xS4UlN0blgc1XS3f4jyO18Z/s1600/Gekkonidae.jpg" height="141" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFcvoI42TeVRK8pOkCadZnnvSnJIU72XcsrSCk7DkhwJZvejktW4eRxq3pFJ-aO-ufjbMtXAipil-G3soKrAIh7WZmEBxatKj37AMriT1rZzMq2hTjrpi_h2j4i7G7AfDZPTWhBvaoTVlW/s1600/gecko.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFcvoI42TeVRK8pOkCadZnnvSnJIU72XcsrSCk7DkhwJZvejktW4eRxq3pFJ-aO-ufjbMtXAipil-G3soKrAIh7WZmEBxatKj37AMriT1rZzMq2hTjrpi_h2j4i7G7AfDZPTWhBvaoTVlW/s1600/gecko.jpg" height="164" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Uroplatus henkeli</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Madagascar leaf-tailed
gecko)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is a nocturnal species of lizard that lives an arboreal
lifestyle only coming down from trees to lay eggs in the leaf liter. This gecko
has a large triangular head, flaps of skin around the edges of the head and body,
a long, broad, flat tail These geckos also have well developed sub-digital
lamellae and an absence of preanal or femoral pores. This species is listed as
having a vulnerable conservation status. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px;">Island of Nosy B</span><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px;">é; Main land Madagascar in </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.949999809265137px;">Ankaranafantsika region</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Uroplatus&species=henkeli&search_param=%28%28search=%27Uroplatus+henkeli%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Uroplatus henkeli</i></a></span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family:
Iguanidae </span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SKX-zq43Xa2DOUzYv22ZJ7BKTASlTexFi9JCG4h714y-YdQoDba8PjElZ50cKJJaqMwhbfLykoZcl07Q3k6tyVsjsiPFjinE5v7PsC2EbEsJMxGQ0L8DsEcalo0a8EA3b94DBMpwUm5C/s1600/Iguanidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SKX-zq43Xa2DOUzYv22ZJ7BKTASlTexFi9JCG4h714y-YdQoDba8PjElZ50cKJJaqMwhbfLykoZcl07Q3k6tyVsjsiPFjinE5v7PsC2EbEsJMxGQ0L8DsEcalo0a8EA3b94DBMpwUm5C/s1600/Iguanidae.jpg" height="271" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyb-D2gv6t9j1w5iMnlA5fwCkTbvyiO9jbvCt9WeAEOSQ20UhFAjGpAtKfRHmimJ26EWkimXSF0gnA7nWKZm035N1hr02Nhg3O_bVPgNsEJO685HhKAQ8-Q4pJQpJUg_bTC-twV22j5tT/s1600/Iggy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyb-D2gv6t9j1w5iMnlA5fwCkTbvyiO9jbvCt9WeAEOSQ20UhFAjGpAtKfRHmimJ26EWkimXSF0gnA7nWKZm035N1hr02Nhg3O_bVPgNsEJO685HhKAQ8-Q4pJQpJUg_bTC-twV22j5tT/s1600/Iggy.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Brachylophus
fasciatus</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Fiji island banded iguana)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This
dinural Iguana is said to be one of the most geographically isolated species
within the family Iguanidae. This species is sexually dimorphic in that the
males have two to three pale blue bands while the females are solid green. This
is a herbivorous species feeding on leaves, fruit and flowers. The Fiji island
banded iguana is listed as having an endangered conservation status.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Fiji Islands (Viti Levu, Wakaya, Ovalau, Moturiki, Gau, Beqa, Vatuele, Kandavu Ono, Dravuni, Taveuni, Nggamea, Vanua, Balavu, Avea, Vatu Vara,Lakeba, Aiwa, Oneata, Vanua Levu, Vanua Vatu, Totoya, Kabara, Fulaga), Tonga Islands (Tongatapu), New Hebrides (Efate), Iles Wallis</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Brachylophus&species=fasciatus" target="_blank">The Reptile Database -<i> Brachylophus fasciatus</i></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Family:
Scincidae</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfnanllSEF23Fxwr_joJj_h0Xpd0MAPuDAIP_cztFVNtEF82ZUb9zJT6yC7mJ0yTktkiIbyFjZojx1tZcbv6Em0Dwjup4ffZ_wVne-Kwsoxalx6uLFb63BU_Yw62kYHHneYjOMEnPSlzz/s1600/Scincidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfnanllSEF23Fxwr_joJj_h0Xpd0MAPuDAIP_cztFVNtEF82ZUb9zJT6yC7mJ0yTktkiIbyFjZojx1tZcbv6Em0Dwjup4ffZ_wVne-Kwsoxalx6uLFb63BU_Yw62kYHHneYjOMEnPSlzz/s1600/Scincidae.jpg" height="158" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLz61uiSADeKsTHZtxWfQoCkYv7iePLxn2fimmtkzrhqNF7dOu2Q-BKVH3OgZgyxED1zNojXcfdDC3LHXEimvq9f4LJGk8JIUlaXSigiSVNJrZeFbtmnIfrazlJLb6jPGI6V5Hs1ul5u3i/s1600/sleepy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLz61uiSADeKsTHZtxWfQoCkYv7iePLxn2fimmtkzrhqNF7dOu2Q-BKVH3OgZgyxED1zNojXcfdDC3LHXEimvq9f4LJGk8JIUlaXSigiSVNJrZeFbtmnIfrazlJLb6jPGI6V5Hs1ul5u3i/s1600/sleepy.jpg" height="320" width="268" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Corucia
zebrata</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Prehensile-tailed skink)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This
is the largest species of extant skink. The Prehensile – tailed skink is
completely arboreal and its large tail helps it move throughout the canopy. This
species is completely herbivorous and most activity during the hours near dawn
and dusk. Male skinks of this species have a “V – shaped” pattern of scales
near the cloacal opening that is absent in females. These skinks rely heavily
on sense of smell to identify food and territories of others.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Solomon Island</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">s</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Corucia&species=zebrata&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Corucia+zebrata%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Corucia zebrata</i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family:
Varanidae </span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3OUcY39iXVCAfyW8jep6oRKvjHGpQPtumHryyXt7H3ahN7RYgiKVZWIb-8zLMCJdrDMaJB8nP01nxxMJ1wxFBScP9z12rpxislDza_FsvTKdHWq-_4qOXAXLNSfOba9d32x-m5aDuwvty/s1600/Varanidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3OUcY39iXVCAfyW8jep6oRKvjHGpQPtumHryyXt7H3ahN7RYgiKVZWIb-8zLMCJdrDMaJB8nP01nxxMJ1wxFBScP9z12rpxislDza_FsvTKdHWq-_4qOXAXLNSfOba9d32x-m5aDuwvty/s1600/Varanidae.jpg" height="231" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCmfyoFc2mpE0wQ_y7CJ6a-_dIgo0mGYrL-IjVmHyKbHmt3cIY1MpZ6FrIEBLbDBbVO88MvM2Grrua8EIBxktpjfi2vJXui5XUC8IX1ttrqICxq8yjYQHBGZa9swLZ1uf6dN34bKQdL6C/s1600/monitor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCmfyoFc2mpE0wQ_y7CJ6a-_dIgo0mGYrL-IjVmHyKbHmt3cIY1MpZ6FrIEBLbDBbVO88MvM2Grrua8EIBxktpjfi2vJXui5XUC8IX1ttrqICxq8yjYQHBGZa9swLZ1uf6dN34bKQdL6C/s1600/monitor.jpg" height="320" width="300" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Varanus
prasinus</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Green tree monitor)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is an arboreal varanid lizard, which unlike
other varanids does not whip its tail in defense but rather protects its tail
by curling it up to the side. The tails of these lizards are prehensile
allowing them to hang from branches. The Green tree monitor eats arboreal
arthropods and does so by ripping off the limbs before eating the body. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Australia (Queensland), New Guinea</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Varanus&species=prasinus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Varanus+prasinus%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Varanus prasinus</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Order Squamata (Serpentes/Ophidia)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Boidae (Boas)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdWramROX9O5yzkIcXgMD70FKq8ss-q19xQBgCbblq1vZamxG_T2f8AJbpEkmGW1iZ78xCLID6dzR9uK5iiE-w_F26qrJdiOK3-ZsVS39zdCAZlntIAyYN7Dph3HHS2l_HCnqA0KsOHlwF/s1600/Em+Tree+Boa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdWramROX9O5yzkIcXgMD70FKq8ss-q19xQBgCbblq1vZamxG_T2f8AJbpEkmGW1iZ78xCLID6dzR9uK5iiE-w_F26qrJdiOK3-ZsVS39zdCAZlntIAyYN7Dph3HHS2l_HCnqA0KsOHlwF/s1600/Em+Tree+Boa.jpg" height="320" width="280" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Corallus caninus</span></i><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: center;"> (Emerald tree boa)</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Emerald tree boas are arboreal and active at night. These
snakes also have conspicuous supralabial pits and infralabial pits that
function in thermoreception of infared radiation. Boas can sense body heat cues
of prey that differ from the surrounding environment using these special
sensory organs. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, E/S Venezuela
(Bolívar, Amazonas), NE Brazil (north of the Rio Amazonas and north and east of
the Rio Negro: Amapá, Pará, Roraima, Amazonas); elevation 0-200 m.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Boa-Emerald-Tree-185.aspx" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Corallus caninus</i></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><i> </i></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Corallus&species=caninus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Corallus+caninus%27%29%29" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Corallus caninus</i></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">Corallus
hortulanus</span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;"> (Amazon tree boa)</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Amazon tree boa is an
aggressive arboreal species that creates a coiled “s-shaped” defensive posture
when threatened. These snakes are carnivores that consume a broad range
terrestrial vertebrates like birds, lizards, and bats, and rodents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">S Colombia (east of the Andes),
S Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Sergipe,
Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, DF), Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia;Trinidad, Tobago, Windward Islands.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Corallus&species=hortulanus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27boidae%27%29%29" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Corallus hortulanus</i></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Corallus_hortulanus/" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">ADW - <i>Corallus hortulanus</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Colubridae (Common Snakes)</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYvojpSVW3anE9rHhz29qaoH_itLudIc78etvX6XSZsSOGDbDgPZNMewoyGujsvaqPYYDfEMbHnrJ7ufezv1NuZk84KGO6A4ZRZ-9U5GZNEf36gleq3q941tgFJan38adRka8P1_YciSL/s1600/colubridae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYvojpSVW3anE9rHhz29qaoH_itLudIc78etvX6XSZsSOGDbDgPZNMewoyGujsvaqPYYDfEMbHnrJ7ufezv1NuZk84KGO6A4ZRZ-9U5GZNEf36gleq3q941tgFJan38adRka8P1_YciSL/s1600/colubridae+dist.jpg" height="217" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Spilotes pullatus</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> (Tiger rat snake)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As their common name implies, </span><i>Spilotes pullatus</i> have distinctive
tiger-like scale patterns of black and yellow. Tiger rat snakes are large,
non-venomous, and arboreal. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">S Mexico (Tamaulipas, Quéretaro
etc.), Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Trinidad, Tobago, Isla Margarita, Colombia, Venezuela (Merida [HR 31: 57]),
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Goias, Pará, Sergipe, S Ceará), Ecuador, Peru,
Argentina (Misiones, Chaco, Formosa, Salta), Bolivia, Guyana, Surinam, French
Guiana</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Spilotes&species=pullatus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Spilotes+pullatus%27%29%29" target="_blank">The Reptile Database - <i>Spilotes pullatus</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Dipsadidae </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAI_Q_Z8VU3x3jB-hU-mcEQM-HAVmf7InbK0KfoZRN378Cny1qXf8Hvc8T4c5JUKctqdKBiRTMM9MRyNb3pYhUf3EzjFi008pufzmVTcZ7WXDsNTj3zaOx6qVMA1HNTk9xav041eGEyY8v/s1600/colubridae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAI_Q_Z8VU3x3jB-hU-mcEQM-HAVmf7InbK0KfoZRN378Cny1qXf8Hvc8T4c5JUKctqdKBiRTMM9MRyNb3pYhUf3EzjFi008pufzmVTcZ7WXDsNTj3zaOx6qVMA1HNTk9xav041eGEyY8v/s1600/colubridae+dist.jpg" height="217" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Same as Colubridae]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Philodryas baroni</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> (Baron’s racer)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baron’s racer snakes are
opisthoglyphous, meaning that they have two or more large teeth near the rear
of the maxilla. This species is known for rapid locomotion and a rostral
projection. Males of </span><i>P. baroni</i> have
slightly larger rostral extensions than females.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Argentina (Chaco, Córdoba,
Santiago de Estero, Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca, Santa Fe [HR 30: 55]), Bolivia,
Paraguay</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Philodryas&species=baroni&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Philodryas+baroni%27%29%29" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Philodryas baroni</i></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.philodryas.com/indexENG.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Philodryas.com</span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Pythonidae (Pythons)</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLMm1vUljT1arMhFTxbzjDki_020QzZwC8s49tN78n15Jjh-lZXnShMTWl7lyCCQvJjsg-2klaUEnza1MD4IswQVZGLvTXhyKFFbYgGutznHr59A7FnPzn5nzHjSmgtdX0BpJA85u-Y0DI/s1600/pythonidae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLMm1vUljT1arMhFTxbzjDki_020QzZwC8s49tN78n15Jjh-lZXnShMTWl7lyCCQvJjsg-2klaUEnza1MD4IswQVZGLvTXhyKFFbYgGutznHr59A7FnPzn5nzHjSmgtdX0BpJA85u-Y0DI/s1600/pythonidae+dist.jpg" height="208" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VQGpHK9Q1kIbQCv2cXDJdkMS7D2mbZXM5QLrA5s1PgDfD8cJdBPi0JYDDIcN7m2UZf332nrn9R_gBjlj7Cb1jMB1BAIxgtkTmIX3HxrZhxEx-OexX58kJsHarXVuejxvUKO0p3xIk2oX/s1600/Python.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VQGpHK9Q1kIbQCv2cXDJdkMS7D2mbZXM5QLrA5s1PgDfD8cJdBPi0JYDDIcN7m2UZf332nrn9R_gBjlj7Cb1jMB1BAIxgtkTmIX3HxrZhxEx-OexX58kJsHarXVuejxvUKO0p3xIk2oX/s1600/Python.jpg" height="320" width="153" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Morelia viridis</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> (Green tree python)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The green tee python may be
confused with the emerald tree boa due to superficial similarities in
appearance, but the species can be differentiated by differences in head
scalation (</span><i>M. viridis</i><span style="font-size: small;"> has small,
granular scales) and pit location. In </span><i>M.
viridis</i><span style="font-size: small;">, the pits are located within the labial scales, while the pits of </span><i>C. caninus</i> reside between labial scales.
Interestingly, these two species also exhibit similar ontogenetic shifts in
coloration, with red or yellow juveniles developing into green adults.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Indonesia (Aru I, Irian Jaya), Papua New
Guinea, Island of Gag, Australia (NE Cape York Peninsula of Queensland)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Morelia&species=viridis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Morelia+viridis%27%29%29" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Morelia viridis</i></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/snakes/morelia-viridis" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">WAZA -<i> Morelia viridis</i></span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Order
Crocodilia</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>_______________________________________________________</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Crocodylidae </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZtNRLYxQNzVyhSSkdOPEvD-LTZ03sNOkJYs61Xv_UjnHHxqvxR3Bst9ya208mAzr2m9wXIWg_mO47ox3K3tSUBKPZyAGghC0HucjuivPMsntIrmbhjFo2tKjHLFe21vh2-7xkyyuVrn7/s1600/Crocodylidae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZtNRLYxQNzVyhSSkdOPEvD-LTZ03sNOkJYs61Xv_UjnHHxqvxR3Bst9ya208mAzr2m9wXIWg_mO47ox3K3tSUBKPZyAGghC0HucjuivPMsntIrmbhjFo2tKjHLFe21vh2-7xkyyuVrn7/s1600/Crocodylidae+dist.jpg" height="121" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGe3cQpVGc7Ym7QRvNSRKDLU0eGQhVAZDjAhVIw_nAaIMGozCdExDE0n4ALzvAWzgeK_aET7zoIXmcVHeVZsb-sIjOB_UZoPhN6Eun9fD41kvqtemPElS_x4b3pa7SvYxM-PtnPQu3k65m/s1600/dwarf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGe3cQpVGc7Ym7QRvNSRKDLU0eGQhVAZDjAhVIw_nAaIMGozCdExDE0n4ALzvAWzgeK_aET7zoIXmcVHeVZsb-sIjOB_UZoPhN6Eun9fD41kvqtemPElS_x4b3pa7SvYxM-PtnPQu3k65m/s1600/dwarf.jpg" height="320" width="260" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Osteolaemus tetraspis</span></i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> (Dwarf crocodile)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At 2.5m TL, dwarf crocodiles are the smallest
extant members of Crocodylidae. These solitary crocodiles forage in the water
and spend time on land in excavated burrows adjacent to streams. <i>O. tetrapsis</i> will also leave the water
for extended periods at night, particularly following precipitation events, but
its terrestrial activities during this time are not well understood.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Central African
Republic, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo,
Uganda, Zaire</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><a href="http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/Crocodile-Dwarf-183.aspx" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;" target="_blank">CMZ - <i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Osteolaemus&species=tetraspis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Osteolaemus+tetraspis%27%29%29" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i></span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>_________________________________________________________</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Family: Gavialidae<i style="font-size: 12pt;">
</i></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh70axBiEtH93J-xpeODhQgKQPZqNFE3lhXex7AuGlQRFwTsWy5Qa20PrdaiuOM7PWtUmpQda6lO86ib7Nib3Yfv0_RK8rkVrSg77XD9eUpM8xkcb7Vpaq-f9taTHwMzCGosMl5069UlqKH/s1600/Gavialidae+dist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh70axBiEtH93J-xpeODhQgKQPZqNFE3lhXex7AuGlQRFwTsWy5Qa20PrdaiuOM7PWtUmpQda6lO86ib7Nib3Yfv0_RK8rkVrSg77XD9eUpM8xkcb7Vpaq-f9taTHwMzCGosMl5069UlqKH/s1600/Gavialidae+dist.jpg" height="355" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWx7b6dSwc5aieCcUA2608r9EQwGeCPakHtpL4RDbpNDBBOG7Axh3KHFtUNWUZDGT65g4lTGT0pG-yAJjD33ZyT-oHmA2NaCE6f_t1xdRhY51e1CFmGq4J5w_atoB0lL7H2CYWYBrIUFR/s1600/Gharial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWx7b6dSwc5aieCcUA2608r9EQwGeCPakHtpL4RDbpNDBBOG7Axh3KHFtUNWUZDGT65g4lTGT0pG-yAJjD33ZyT-oHmA2NaCE6f_t1xdRhY51e1CFmGq4J5w_atoB0lL7H2CYWYBrIUFR/s1600/Gharial.jpg" height="320" width="234" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">Gavialis gangeticus</span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;"> (Gharial)</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As the most aquatic
members of Order Crocodilia, gharials are piscivorous and use their specialized
elongated snouts to snatch fish out of the water. Male gharials have a
conspicuous bony structure on the tip of the snout called a boss. This species
is extremely threatened.<span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Myanmar (= Burma), N India, Nepal, Pakistan</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Gavialis&species=gangeticus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27gavialis+gangeticus%27%29%29" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reptile Database - <i>Gavialis gangeticus</i></span></a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14171084882757362006noreply@blogger.com0Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 3900 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA41.445521 -81.70794419999998641.433619 -81.728114199999979 41.457423 -81.687774199999993tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-78148417738585959102014-02-27T16:48:00.000-05:002014-02-27T16:48:27.601-05:00<div align="center">
<span style="color: #134f5c; font-size: large;">Laboratory #5:</span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: #134f5c; font-size: large;">Lepidosauria: Serpentes & Ophidia</span></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: #134f5c; font-size: large;">By: Meghan Kelley and Katie Sagarin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT5VDymV8b1iRdhCABa5bwbOMsQ9YhNokoIc7k6fzdgDaex7JTmtylvUxAkbdxhNZigByKGASvHvaBuS4dq9xWtzWmNkqxbzZxq87firc7uHcjRzSXlfC0vgq5bdB_vZtqz6kG6tvDhpw/s1600/major+snake+families_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT5VDymV8b1iRdhCABa5bwbOMsQ9YhNokoIc7k6fzdgDaex7JTmtylvUxAkbdxhNZigByKGASvHvaBuS4dq9xWtzWmNkqxbzZxq87firc7uHcjRzSXlfC0vgq5bdB_vZtqz6kG6tvDhpw/s1600/major+snake+families_cropped.jpg" height="99" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA">Squamata is composed of lizards, within Sauria, and snakes, within Serpentes, which together make up about 8000 different species that have been classified and are found on every continent, except Antarctica. While lizards and snakes may appear
different, snakes are actually a group of highly derived lizards, including specialized physical morphology and physiological functions, such as advanced chemosensory perception and envenomation of prey. </span><span lang="EN-CA">Serpentes is further divided into two infra-orders: Scolecophidia
and Alethinophidia. Scolecophidia are a smaller, more basal group whose members
are fossorial and have akinetic skulls. Alethinophidia contains all the more
well-known “typical” snakes, such as Pythonidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae,
and Viperidae, which are represented in the photos above in order from left to right, respectively.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>GENERAL MORPHOLOGY:</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA">The closest relative to snakes are the
varanid lizards, which have elongate necks, forked tongues, and
streptostyly, a type of jaw articulation that allows the mouth to be opened
wide.</span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFIi5Abwu4z31Nv3LAoI1tb_rV7VseTJ_YOvKwBWDJNI8M8UxJGcCxjXYtN7Fm0tV2jTRSKts0c1_v-PQfe-P4-6i1IsS_9vUJd_EUz7ToyMMZQMLzMfCUnvGZjK8RlAAiZ_cpq2U_3DA/s1600/snake+skulls_cropped+quadrate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFIi5Abwu4z31Nv3LAoI1tb_rV7VseTJ_YOvKwBWDJNI8M8UxJGcCxjXYtN7Fm0tV2jTRSKts0c1_v-PQfe-P4-6i1IsS_9vUJd_EUz7ToyMMZQMLzMfCUnvGZjK8RlAAiZ_cpq2U_3DA/s1600/snake+skulls_cropped+quadrate.jpg" height="368" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: The top picture is a varanid lizard skull, which has a reduced number of bones and fusion of many skull regions, similar to a snake's skull, shown in the bottom two images. An additional similarity between the varanids and snakes articulation is that the quadrate (circled in red) drops down and re-positions more vertically, in order the fully open the mouth via streptostyly. The bottom right picture shows the vertical position of the quadrate bone.</td></tr>
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<div style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"> In comparison to varanids, snakes have lost their limbs and modified
their skulls even more extremely. The rami of the jaw do not fuse, allowing the
jaw to be expanded laterally. Many snakes also use ratchet feeding, moving one
side of their skull at a time to pull their prey into their throat. Because
snakes tend to eat prey larger than their heads, many have a protrusible
trachea which allows them to breathe while their mouths are full, as seen in Figure 2.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3SDO0P5IQnFT12noy5RG6obSYnOz-GlPjDKYFqN8ZIkB1YfBEfjeZ1kniTuNePXYc0zuvAlzwhGTgr2WBXGviOTP5ciXHSZiibSN4t8BXbSCmj3qxVs6hyYr08KdhG9gzFKFDnDK26mY/s1600/snake+skull+W+PROTRUSIBLE+TRACHEA_LOVEIT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3SDO0P5IQnFT12noy5RG6obSYnOz-GlPjDKYFqN8ZIkB1YfBEfjeZ1kniTuNePXYc0zuvAlzwhGTgr2WBXGviOTP5ciXHSZiibSN4t8BXbSCmj3qxVs6hyYr08KdhG9gzFKFDnDK26mY/s1600/snake+skull+W+PROTRUSIBLE+TRACHEA_LOVEIT.jpg" height="298" width="320" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyewhat4-bF-pZsfRph9hYXkaq3QVjr6kufVdlZHdZd30Qzi8Tg1SrGGlS-Zl2Y5ZJz0y_ZwlIpjV8h4uFOOkQDlk8sGFS7ztQOWkP2aSGrJFaqtaxFFkp3YpiT2WlBI5yc6Yr2tyQp8M/s1600/snake+skull+W+PROTRUSIBLE+TRACHEA_LOVEIT.jpg" style="left: 172px; opacity: 0.3; position: absolute; top: 1830px;" unselectable="on" width="96" /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLCY5aKPXIq-5pkZHo460-f8Rse3tZ4WP-xgAqnAAOjb6lDwllEX0CPCpDgw4CTI2HuafYDy3pohz7Mbb8KAX4GsMUd2FMOlpjyZiVpI7EHpmY7K-c0Hps_a8TqKbVU3yPePGNU6ZEjPE/s1600/snake+jaw+symphyses.jpg" height="190" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2: In the top diagram, the venom gland and duct (red), the protrusible trachea, and the chemo-sensing forked tongue, that brings in scent to the Jacobson's organ, are labeled. On the lower jaw of the snake skull in the lower picture, it is clear that the rami, or two mandibular regions, are not fused.<br />
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<div align="left">
<strong><span style="font-size: small;"><u>
</u>VENOM DELIVERY & DENTITION:</span></strong></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="font-size: small;">Snakes can have some combination of four
tooth conditions. The most basic is aglyphous teeth, which point straight down
in the mouth and are generally conical or laterally compressed. Opisthoglyphous
teeth point posteriorly and are generally positioned at the back of the maxilla
to keep prey in the mouth. Proteroglyphous teeth are the most anterior on the
maxilla and are hollow for venom delivery, and are only found within the family
Elapidae. Lastly, solenoglyphous teeth are hollow, retractable teeth on a
kinetic maxilla, perfect for venom injection. They are only found within the
family Viperidae. All four teeth types are pictorially represented in Figure 3, and the potential evolution of these derived teeth is shown in Figure 4.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9dDbipvv05ug0zuxSDNh6ou6GEVFkBdHrbPFzjnDccVyMzg3L6aBn3HrBLHnMuz2BvsRydVnd4wBI_5VBJJS-kbRml5TfxnM0oAkJgyyCOAs3LaTXsxuGVEY11oh42ORZVC03JIJCaI/s1600/snake+teeth+channels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9dDbipvv05ug0zuxSDNh6ou6GEVFkBdHrbPFzjnDccVyMzg3L6aBn3HrBLHnMuz2BvsRydVnd4wBI_5VBJJS-kbRml5TfxnM0oAkJgyyCOAs3LaTXsxuGVEY11oh42ORZVC03JIJCaI/s1600/snake+teeth+channels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9dDbipvv05ug0zuxSDNh6ou6GEVFkBdHrbPFzjnDccVyMzg3L6aBn3HrBLHnMuz2BvsRydVnd4wBI_5VBJJS-kbRml5TfxnM0oAkJgyyCOAs3LaTXsxuGVEY11oh42ORZVC03JIJCaI/s1600/snake+teeth+channels.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 3: These are the four types of teeth that developed in different snake groups, shown with their groove or channel of venom delivery, indicating that proteroglyphous and solenoglyphous are the more efficient venom delivery systems.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV7vHOYjQorz-NEN27vxji6nu3wc9-PjjY5Tpb_-qxkhY00pc-bdJ4ss7NOd-a6oFF_S_E8ewfWVgAxu3ReVEI10naWSVJxiPKBErVODOzv9MRW2GBoWf_dzHyz9voDxsbjntqwn73jU/s1600/snake+teeth+phylogeny+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV7vHOYjQorz-NEN27vxji6nu3wc9-PjjY5Tpb_-qxkhY00pc-bdJ4ss7NOd-a6oFF_S_E8ewfWVgAxu3ReVEI10naWSVJxiPKBErVODOzv9MRW2GBoWf_dzHyz9voDxsbjntqwn73jU/s1600/snake+teeth+phylogeny+2.jpg" height="498" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 4: The four teeth conditions in snakes phylogenetically developed at different rates with the deriving of modified salivary glands that became venom glands. "Glyphous" refers to the channels or grooves in some teeth types that function as a delivery system for venom. a) This is a color-coded phylogenetic tree of approximate development of differing teeth types. Front-fanged in this figure refers to the relative position of either proteroglyphous (Elapidae) or solenoglyphous (Viperidae) fang types. Aglyphous, or non-grooved teeth, are considered the basal condition of teeth in snakes and are found to some extent in all snakes. b) These are lateral views of the four teeth conditions; white circles represent the fangs that are present. c) This is a palatal view, in which the red region is the maxilla region, and the fangs are circled in black. This image is taken from Vonk et al., 2008.</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS:<o:p></o:p></strong></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Pythonidae:</strong> Contains 9 genera, distributed
throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and south and southeast Asia to Australia,
spanning deserts and forests alike. They are large to giant snakes with teeth
on their premaxilla (except in Aspidites). Many have infrared receptors in
labial pits which allow them to perceive body heat signatures. All species of
Pythonidae are oviparous, and most coil around their eggs to incubate them.
Some species have reportedly been known to eat tigers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species: NONE</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Boidae:</strong> Contains 12 genera, distributed
throughout western North Africa to South America and the Caribbean, up the west
coast of North America, and southwestern Asia/the Middle East. Boas are small
to large, but contain the largest species of snake, <i>Eunectes murinus</i>,
the anaconda. Most have infrared receptors in inter-labial pits (Figure 5), and
cloacal spurs, which are vestiges of hind limbs.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4cw_NvgJ7sQYjIcoUWuE4L8hrNh_Ra20XOrmeTR2q9PKjYJ9tKPEfm_4ziEiyBicqKh5zNnfkbToB1FN8CpR4NtNTjZzfCrR-V-LN1Dxep9o08YRUL2X7jgk0A9o64RphQv976Uu3Uk/s1600/boa+pits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ2_VUFtnJe_sU4xSLTXX8nH8WVVnaoEmZMLqkj_ZJp3ZdPWwovqT7X3OJFICQftlIwATEzCaVaOnBc2FHbtV7yx0mqyq60GvebjZAcbjOmWGsWzv7xnKH2EMIhIGfgRtvCHXGL3_lYvY/s1600/boa+pits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ2_VUFtnJe_sU4xSLTXX8nH8WVVnaoEmZMLqkj_ZJp3ZdPWwovqT7X3OJFICQftlIwATEzCaVaOnBc2FHbtV7yx0mqyq60GvebjZAcbjOmWGsWzv7xnKH2EMIhIGfgRtvCHXGL3_lYvY/s1600/boa+pits.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 5: Notice the conspicuous inter-labial pits laterally positioned from the nostrils, under the eyes.</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species: NONE</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Elapidae:</strong> Contains 62 genera, distributed mainly in the southern hemisphere or near the equator. Elapids are proteroglyphous, and do not have infrared receptors. Elapids cover a wide range of lifestyles, from arboreal to fossorial to aquatic. This family includes coral snakes, sea snakes, cobras, and death adders.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">
</span></span><span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species: NONE</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">
</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Colubridoidea:</strong> Contains more than 100 genera,
distributed globally. Colubridae contains the most species of any family of
snakes. Some colubrids have opisthoglyphous dentition, and have a variety of
body forms, with almost no distinct physiology tying them together as a group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA">Opheodrys vernalis </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Smooth Green Snake)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA">Opheodrys aestivus </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Rough Green Snake)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYT8mCQwNLFUbcP4oI1tQoxYK9AqfoYUYKZhjHzH5QHotzjPAy66BahYc_n4Baq-HVyh36oa_0yZzHU5fX7TSOQPwbVZRosd1R0lxyeON8R6jGQoDFzCzzPA_gQ-NmUZiq4vDuCFfZafg/s1600/rough+green+snake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYT8mCQwNLFUbcP4oI1tQoxYK9AqfoYUYKZhjHzH5QHotzjPAy66BahYc_n4Baq-HVyh36oa_0yZzHU5fX7TSOQPwbVZRosd1R0lxyeON8R6jGQoDFzCzzPA_gQ-NmUZiq4vDuCFfZafg/s1600/rough+green+snake.jpg" height="153" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 6: <em>Opheodrys aestivus</em>, the rough green snake, is different from the smooth green snake because of its conspicuously keeled scales that give it a rough texture.</td></tr>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA">Coluber constrictor </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Blue Racer)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><em>Pantherophis vulpina </em></span><span lang="EN-CA">(Fox Snake)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span><em>Pantherophis obsoletus </em>(Black Rat Snake)</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGtgAWs93yhixakalJnGJ59jotJocd-yvdz8A6s3Jjyo4nUF7uyU_bzK6Mc8ZC9Y93wplBFf37dOaqybdoNFYw8bfnHeOq2aDmCWzurnK12q9gQRnGoV3P67g05hBaQNftIWhSVb1f9g/s1600/ohio+snake+species_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGtgAWs93yhixakalJnGJ59jotJocd-yvdz8A6s3Jjyo4nUF7uyU_bzK6Mc8ZC9Y93wplBFf37dOaqybdoNFYw8bfnHeOq2aDmCWzurnK12q9gQRnGoV3P67g05hBaQNftIWhSVb1f9g/s1600/ohio+snake+species_cropped.jpg" height="261" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 7: Top row from left to right includes a juvenile and an adult blue racer, while the bottom left is a fox snake and the bottom right is a black rat snake. Some of the most important ways of telling confusing snake species apart is by including the type of habitat that they are found in; for example, black rat snakes and fox snakes are usually found in dryer forested habitats, sometimes arboreal, and blue racers are found in wet, possibly marshy terrestrial habitats.</td></tr>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Lampropeltis getula </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Black Kingsnake)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</span></i><br />
<div style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Lampropeltis triangulum (Eastern Milk Snake)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<i><span lang="EN-CA">
</span></i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvQypG4sRoFLfzZtHJVzuVTFQ2Ffz0whm2kHse6Z2b8KW2e_ybBfejayOsOMwBzSgKaqOJ69mucszUWbJjfacIO93_qXId5gvM6gZcikkln_rYOA_83ZjBQl2aIBIT3Af47TAqhCyhyI/s1600/lampropeltis_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvQypG4sRoFLfzZtHJVzuVTFQ2Ffz0whm2kHse6Z2b8KW2e_ybBfejayOsOMwBzSgKaqOJ69mucszUWbJjfacIO93_qXId5gvM6gZcikkln_rYOA_83ZjBQl2aIBIT3Af47TAqhCyhyI/s1600/lampropeltis_cropped.jpg" height="228" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 8: On the left, the black kingsnake is represented, and the Eastern milk snake is shown on the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Natricidae:</strong> Contains 38 genera distributed
from North to Central America, Africa, and Eurasia through the East Indies.
Many members of Natricidae are aquatic, both fresh- and salt-water. The New
World species are all viviparous, while the Old World species are mainly
oviparous.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span><i><span lang="EN-CA"></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Nerodia sipedon pleuralis</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Midland Water Snake)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><em>Nerodia erythrogaster </em>(Copperbelly Water Snake)</span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Nerodia sipedon sipedon</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Northern Water Snake)</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span><i><span lang="EN-CA">Regina septemvittata </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Queen Snake)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3ryJ8JDaEtKJael12CCUtopEyggbxcUuFY7XbnJrU5-96_FsnfDziQ1DRHbJc-YdzPHsbVT6KYsVrQuPjRAgMbstUjrrSKltQtT30IPJTnu9gGSJXSo26mPVWLPBHsU4Fgwj4lEoKVw/s1600/neroidea+snakes_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3ryJ8JDaEtKJael12CCUtopEyggbxcUuFY7XbnJrU5-96_FsnfDziQ1DRHbJc-YdzPHsbVT6KYsVrQuPjRAgMbstUjrrSKltQtT30IPJTnu9gGSJXSo26mPVWLPBHsU4Fgwj4lEoKVw/s1600/neroidea+snakes_cropped.jpg" height="152" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 9: Left is the Northern Water Snake, and right is the Queen Snake, both of which are very common, especially in the Midwest.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Thamnophis butleri </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Butler's Garter Snake)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Thamnophis radix </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Eastern Plains Garter Snake)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><em>Thamnophis sauritus </em>(Ribbon Snake)</span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Thamnophis sirtalis</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Eastern Garter Snake)</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2keMHkf3zzUpd-PDmg6ftwDNU1MD9Y4AtlIfXTfd4X69R5i9SUqDXWqMzJ4iQ2GTBLiBxy2T-NK5xCAnMTXpC0TI2zqg8pautQm7bvRQ7Tr8qSeoQ2XYTxAWpiVYdwB4UEmFt2LN2PU/s1600/Common-garter-snake.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 10: This is the common Eastern Garter Snake; however, there is much variation in color and striping within this species and within the genus <em>Thamnophis</em>.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>
<span lang="EN-CA"></span><div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><em>Storeria occipitomaculata</em></span><span lang="EN-CA"> (Red-belly Snake)</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em>Storeria dekayi </em>(Northern Brown Snake)</div>
</span><br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqs2mqUqwDbUH4ywzf-UNVg_-E4FLyCtDz5V_GwevQw4DDVUF60Ey14rw8lLPHX7tZ3epp9DZiU0r1BevYM8J_owYM2vT6hGqX4WgVlimmFcF0nImERGxUQYnI6YnIp9bbPr0nQgtDOvg/s1600/storeria_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqs2mqUqwDbUH4ywzf-UNVg_-E4FLyCtDz5V_GwevQw4DDVUF60Ey14rw8lLPHX7tZ3epp9DZiU0r1BevYM8J_owYM2vT6hGqX4WgVlimmFcF0nImERGxUQYnI6YnIp9bbPr0nQgtDOvg/s1600/storeria_cropped.jpg" height="150" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 11: Red-belly snake is on the right, and the Northern Brown Snake is on the left. Both are photos taken in the field in the eastern U.S.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-CA"></span><br />
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Virginia valeriae</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Smooth Earth Snake)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Dipsadidae:</strong> Contains 97 genera, distributed
throughout the New World. Again, this is a highly diverse group that occurs in
all habitats, except marine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Diadophis punctatus edwardsi </span></i><span lang="EN-CA">(Northern Ringneck Snake):</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkU6BQmfzpn7-bMo-JyVxpFxSuIoQNqpAFzAhYMB_MRGk2wpsJzutC4BGmxqBBRYE3okyDpCHjnn5M_nGmxzXWavxBEXfsaPPK8dCdVwnt0q5pre1Z3ZOhIRXvq8Br54Zhc_4BWCpo9g/s1600/062.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkU6BQmfzpn7-bMo-JyVxpFxSuIoQNqpAFzAhYMB_MRGk2wpsJzutC4BGmxqBBRYE3okyDpCHjnn5M_nGmxzXWavxBEXfsaPPK8dCdVwnt0q5pre1Z3ZOhIRXvq8Br54Zhc_4BWCpo9g/s1600/062.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-CA"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span> </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Heterodon platyrhinos</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Eastern Hognose Snake):</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT2Mu8MwgKdXEufBEwkDvavdUsAfqNiixflhSrpU007CxOp9M7nwAJYuOtW3xLlHzyQNoxS-54foXBOdBAVuZSocz0HNUgIU8WZln__HH-SHm-qWJwarG85BRhsLynPEcVacpcoFJbwQU/s1600/103.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT2Mu8MwgKdXEufBEwkDvavdUsAfqNiixflhSrpU007CxOp9M7nwAJYuOtW3xLlHzyQNoxS-54foXBOdBAVuZSocz0HNUgIU8WZln__HH-SHm-qWJwarG85BRhsLynPEcVacpcoFJbwQU/s1600/103.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-CA"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span> </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Carphophis amoenus</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Worm Snake):<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiUo4JebbZUgrLYYxZHkRMe21rRok8T5gTSaHJPJFQ0E59s-hpKi2qIylxDjc0E-GR-RrQJKRRZqb7S40kH0Qzg3O2rt07UYS9GsJMux8Qcg8oYANTlPl0iftnzBUk-wKdhv_cHTZ16Q/s1600/102.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiUo4JebbZUgrLYYxZHkRMe21rRok8T5gTSaHJPJFQ0E59s-hpKi2qIylxDjc0E-GR-RrQJKRRZqb7S40kH0Qzg3O2rt07UYS9GsJMux8Qcg8oYANTlPl0iftnzBUk-wKdhv_cHTZ16Q/s1600/102.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><strong>-Viperidae:</strong> Contains 37 genera, distributed
globally except for Oceania, Madagascar, and the Arctic. Vipers have tubular,
solenoglyphous teeth (perfect for venom injection), and triangular heads.
Members of the subfamily Crotalinae have an infrared-sensing pits between their
eyes and nostrils, allowing them to “see” heat signals stereoscopically. Other
Viperidae taxa simply have infrared receptors beneath scale surfaces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA">Ohio species:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Agkistrodon contortrix mokasan</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Northern Copperhead: Moccasin)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Crotalus horridus</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> (Timber Rattlesnake)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<em>Sisturus catenatus catenatus</em><span lang="EN-CA"> (Eastern Massassauga):</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oxiAWwY4OmBSjXySx1PU-oleMok4ycy1u9o49idf7jCchx4s_dhR8N_jWihTCvBpCZtkYpvupSlpX1RYE5-ndpp1FbaNpyeRBf093EOimd36V6T3V_b_ddoU3w2q8VTXidv2ieb80qU/s1600/rattlesnake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oxiAWwY4OmBSjXySx1PU-oleMok4ycy1u9o49idf7jCchx4s_dhR8N_jWihTCvBpCZtkYpvupSlpX1RYE5-ndpp1FbaNpyeRBf093EOimd36V6T3V_b_ddoU3w2q8VTXidv2ieb80qU/s1600/rattlesnake.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<strong>PICTURES CITED:</strong></div>
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<em>Photos under title:</em></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_regius">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_regius</a></div>
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<em><a href="http://www.moonlightboas.com/images/brazilian-rainbow-boas/normal/tyr/Brazilian-Rainbow-Boa-Tyr-20110225a.jpg">http://www.moonlightboas.com/images/brazilian-rainbow-boas/normal/tyr/Brazilian-Rainbow-Boa-Tyr-20110225a.jpg</a></em></div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em><a href="http://www.herp-pix.org/colubrids/slides/DSCF6105.htm">http://www.herp-pix.org/colubrids/slides/DSCF6105.htm</a></em></div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em><a href="http://diegobraghi.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-king-cobra.html">http://diegobraghi.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-king-cobra.html</a></em></div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em><a href="http://xamobox.blogspot.com/2013/06/horned-viper-and-species.html">http://xamobox.blogspot.com/2013/06/horned-viper-and-species.html</a></em></div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em>General Morphology:</em></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<em><a href="http://visual.merriam-webster.com/animal-kingdom/reptiles/snake/skeleton-venomous-snake-head.php">http://visual.merriam-webster.com/animal-kingdom/reptiles/snake/skeleton-venomous-snake-head.php</a></em></div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://kingcoprasnake.blogspot.com/2011/04/learn-something-to-save-your-life.html">http://kingcoprasnake.blogspot.com/2011/04/learn-something-to-save-your-life.html</a></div>
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</div>
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<em>Venom Delivery and Dentition:</em></div>
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<a href="http://itg.content-e.eu/Generated/pubx/173/snakes/description.htm">http://itg.content-e.eu/Generated/pubx/173/snakes/description.htm</a></div>
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Vonk, F. J., J. F. Admiraal, K. Jackson, R. Reshef, M. A. G. Bakker, K. Vanderschoot, I. van den Berge, M. van Atten, E. Burgerhout, A. Beck, P. J. Mirtschin, E. Kochva, F. Witte, B. G. Fry, A. E. Woods, and M. K. Richardson. 2008. Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs. <em>Nature</em>: 630-633.</div>
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<a href="http://www.news.leiden.edu/news/serpent-had-fang-at-back-of-mouth.html">http://www.news.leiden.edu/news/serpent-had-fang-at-back-of-mouth.html</a></div>
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</div>
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<em>Family Characteristics:</em></div>
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<a href="http://www.stepbystep.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/How-to-Breed-Boa-Constrictors.jpg">http://www.stepbystep.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/How-to-Breed-Boa-Constrictors.jpg</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/snake-classifieds/718835-grown-rough-green-snakes.html">http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/snake-classifieds/718835-grown-rough-green-snakes.html</a></div>
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option=com_content&task=view&id=43&Itemid=39</div>
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<a href="http://www.pingleton.com/LifeList/foxii.htm">http://www.pingleton.com/LifeList/foxii.htm</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.arkive.org/common-garter-snake/thamnophis-sirtalis/">http://www.arkive.org/common-garter-snake/thamnophis-sirtalis/</a></div>
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Lab 5: Lepidosauria pt 2: Serpentes & Ophidia<o:p></o:p></div>
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Within Eureptilia, two major lineages of extant reptiles
exist: Archosauromorpha and Lepidosauromorpha, which includes Spenodota
(Tuatara), Sauria (Lizards) and Serpentes (Snakes). Serpentes are highly
derived, legless lizards with great diversity (~3400 spp). They have an
interesting skeletal anatomy because they lack a pectoral girdle and fore limbs,
and have only a rudimentary pelvic girdle, which are visible externally in some
species (Pythonidae) in the form of cloacal spurs. Additionally, serpentes can
have between 120-240 vertebrae, and each vertebrae in the neck and trunk have a
pair of ribs to help with flexibility. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxMpc5ab-jqqu6uAUmnRTji5uvdKrkI9a3aCSBApLEv-q5LQvgj0iegJgfk9XrYEWiVD9hbANPaNSok0jozxw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe>The skull of serpents is a modified diapsid skull with an
extreme reduction in the number of bones. It is highly kinetic, having a
condition called streptostyly, whereby the quadrate bone rotates to allow the
mouth to be opened larger (Fig.1). This condition and the general tooth and
cranial anatomy allows the jaws to act as a ratchet to aid in swallowing food.
Look at the video below of a black mamba in South Africa eating a mouse and
ratcheting it into its mouth. Additionally, there are no arches of bone that
connect the dermal plates and the mandibular symphysis is not fused. Snakes
typically have teeth on the maxillary and palatal series. Refer to Fig 2. for a labeled skull of a snake. <o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7jB1arr5wn0/UwpNYMH9DEI/AAAAAAAAAoY/evV3oSA5Nww/s1600/streptostyly.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7jB1arr5wn0/UwpNYMH9DEI/AAAAAAAAAoY/evV3oSA5Nww/s1600/streptostyly.png" height="149" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig1. Streptostyly</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nbkkY4QN4pI/UwpNt1CQwkI/AAAAAAAAAog/RbhMwKlYd44/s1600/labled+skeleton.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nbkkY4QN4pI/UwpNt1CQwkI/AAAAAAAAAog/RbhMwKlYd44/s1600/labled+skeleton.png" height="286" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 2. Skull of Serpentes labeled</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Serpentes move via lateral undulation and can be
terrestrial, fossorial, aquatic, or marine. They lack a tympanum and Eustachian
tube and have a transparent scale called a spectacle that covers the eye. They
capture and consume prey using just their mouth and body by constricting,
swallowing whole, or injecting venoms. The teeth of serpentes are recurved, to
force prey one direction, and can be categorized based on their anatomy as
aglyphous, opisthoglyphous, proteroglyphous, or solenoglyphous. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Aglyphous teeth are the plesiomorphic condition and are the
typical, conical, recurved teeth without grooves, found in all species of
snakes. On Fig 5., the blue circle shows aglyphous teeth.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BXTYy9hYzDI/UwpOudOp5ZI/AAAAAAAAAos/QMKM0_D4qCQ/s1600/aglyphous.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BXTYy9hYzDI/UwpOudOp5ZI/AAAAAAAAAos/QMKM0_D4qCQ/s1600/aglyphous.JPG" height="128" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 3. Cranial anatomy with aglyphous teeth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Opisthoglyphous, or rear-fanged teeth, are slightly recurved
or straight and found as a pair or more of larger teeth at the back of the
maxilla (Fig 4.). These typically have grooves to facilitate venom delivery. This
dentition type is found in members of Colubridae. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oS0nmRg7WzQ/UwpOuQif48I/AAAAAAAAApE/qTAPXQcwqO0/s1600/opisthoglyphous.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oS0nmRg7WzQ/UwpOuQif48I/AAAAAAAAApE/qTAPXQcwqO0/s1600/opisthoglyphous.JPG" height="168" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 4. Cranial anatomy with opisthoglyphous teeth<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aN3Si30x_8/UwpOuX3V1YI/AAAAAAAAAo8/eyshVxp8JS8/s1600/skeleton+w%253Aopisto%253Aagly.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aN3Si30x_8/UwpOuX3V1YI/AAAAAAAAAo8/eyshVxp8JS8/s1600/skeleton+w%253Aopisto%253Aagly.png" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 5. Cranial anatomy with opisthoglyphous teeth (red) and aglyphous teeth (blue)</td></tr>
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Proterglyphous, or front-fanged teeth, are straight or
slightly curved fangs attached to a reduced maxilla that is stationary.
Therefore, these fangs tend to be static and immovable (Fig 6.). These fangs are hollow
in the center and have a groove at the top to inject venom into prey. This
dentition type is found in members of Elapidae<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zb3ZWmwZXAY/UwpPixuaepI/AAAAAAAAApM/fq3ngrw3uyk/s1600/proteroglyphous.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zb3ZWmwZXAY/UwpPixuaepI/AAAAAAAAApM/fq3ngrw3uyk/s1600/proteroglyphous.JPG" height="194" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 6. Cranial anatomy with proteroglyphous teeth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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Solenogylphous teeth are completely hollow and positioned on
a highly movable maxilla, which allows these fangs to be retracted and
protracted. This allows for a deep injection of venom into prey. These teeth are
only found in members of Viperidae.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fq0VflANiwM/UwpRD94XPwI/AAAAAAAAApY/99gPovq2plc/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-23+at+2.49.37+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fq0VflANiwM/UwpRD94XPwI/AAAAAAAAApY/99gPovq2plc/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-23+at+2.49.37+PM.png" height="303" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 7. Cranial anatomy with solenoglyphous teeth</td></tr>
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<o:p> </o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Phylogeny and
Diversity</b></div>
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Snakes can be divided into two major groups: Scolecophidia,
the worm snakes which have reduced bones, akinetic skulls, are fossorial, and
eat invertebrates and their larvae, and Alethinophidia, the true snakes. The
families this lab focuses on are: Pythonidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, and
Viperidae. There has been a recent controversy and revision to the family Colubridae,
which used to include three subfamilies Natricinae, Dipsadinae, and Colubrinae.
However, these subfamilies have been elevated to families, so now there are 3
new families: Natricidae, Dipsadidae, and Colubridae. Below are the important families, their distribution, and common characteristics. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Typhlopidae </i>(Cosmopolitan Blind Snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10
genera; 252 species<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution:</b>
Cosmopolitan in tropical areas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics</b>:
Within the clade Scolecophidia, these snakes are primarily fossorial and prey
on termites, termite larvae, eggs and soft-bodied arthropods. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leptotyphlopidae </i>(Slender Blind Snakes;
Thread Snakes)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2
subfamilies with 4 and 8 genera, respectively<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution: </b>Tropics
and subtropics of Africa; temperate zone in the American west to southern Utah;
southwest Asia<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics: </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leptotyphlopidae</i> make up the
thinnest-bodied members of the Scolecophidians. They are fossorial and live in
habitats from semi-desert to tropical. Their prey primarily consists of
termites and the snakes exhibit a mechanism to allow them to inhabit the
termite nests without detection and attack. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pythonidae</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i>Pythons)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9
genera; 36 species<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution:</b> Sub-Saharan
Africa; South and Southeast Asia to Australia <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics</b>:
Pythons are large (often giant) snakes that occur in a wide range of habitats
ranging from deserts to rainforests. Pythons have pit organs for infrared
detection associated with their upper lip (as well as other locations). Pythons
have a non-protrusable tracheal tube, so they must hold their breath while
eating. Python also display rudimentary limbs, spurs, located on either side of
the cloacal opening. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boidae</i> (Boas)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3
subfamilies; 12 genera<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution:</b> Western
North America to southern sub-tropical South America; West Indies; central
Africa to South Asia; Madagascar; Southwest Pacific islands<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics: </b>Boas
can range between being small to giant snakes (possibly up to 11.5m total
length). Boas have cranial infrared receptors. This family also exhibit cloacal
spurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Viperidae</i> (Vipers and Pit Vipers)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3
subfamilies; 37 genera<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution:</b> Worldwide
(except Papuaustralia and oceanic islands)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics: </b>Vipers
are venomous snakes with tubular solenoglyphous fangs found on the maxilla. They
have infrared receptors located beneath the scale surface. Vipers are
identifiable by their characteristic triangularly shaped head.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elapidae</i> (Cobras; Kraits; Sea Snakes;
Death Adders; Allies)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>62
genera; 347 species<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution</b>: Southern
North America to southern South America; Africa; southern Asia to southern
Australia; tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics</b>:
These venomous snakes have small, proteroglyphous fangs on the maxilla that are
visible when the mouth is closed. Elapids have a laterally compressed body
ending in a tail so compressed that it appears paddle-like, effective for its
aquatic lifestyle. Laying eggs is the only on land activity for many genera in
this family. Other genera, such as the mamba, are terrestrial and arboreal
while others are fossorial. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Colubridae</i> (Common Snakes)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>>100
genera; +/-682 species<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution</b>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nearly worldwide except Antartica, most of the
north Artic and oceanic islands<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics</b>:This
family is highly diverse in all characteristics including ecology, behavior and
body form. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dipsadidae<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>97
genera; 733 species<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution</b>: Most
of the New World<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristic</b>s:
Highly diverse in body form, ecology and behavior, molecular data provides
support to inhabitants of this family. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Family</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Natricidae</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38
genera; >211 species<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Distribution</b>: North
America to northern Central America; Africa; Eurasia through the East Indies<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics</b>:
This family consists of snakes that range from small to large size and habitats
include many freshwater aquatic and some marine environments, terrestrial and
fossorial. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Ohio Species: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-U3Pp_qSod2Y/Uwpc9xju3nI/AAAAAAAAArA/cr_aIAnqXAs/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-U3Pp_qSod2Y/Uwpc9xju3nI/AAAAAAAAArA/cr_aIAnqXAs/s1600/2.jpg" height="308" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Crotalus horridus (Timber rattlesnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://3BCFFC80-5FD5-4781-B21A-9C1757A142DF/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1ZDSg9KbILw/Uwpc_FrVMPI/AAAAAAAAArg/NH_xxbTP52M/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1ZDSg9KbILw/Uwpc_FrVMPI/AAAAAAAAArg/NH_xxbTP52M/s1600/3.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colubridae<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Opheodrys
vernalis (Smooth green snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://6E5A19FC-A04A-4EF0-A60B-1DF89EDB44C9/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Opheodrys
aestivus (Rough greensnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Xs4ajldD4r8/Uwpc_aJo4oI/AAAAAAAAArk/_5k1c_ZBsWk/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Xs4ajldD4r8/Uwpc_aJo4oI/AAAAAAAAArk/_5k1c_ZBsWk/s1600/4.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Coluber
constrictor foxii (Blue racer)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Coluber
constrictor constrictor (Northern Black racer)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://7FD1ACED-FA66-477D-BA78-31DC53D4FF68/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d1XDPAgmrGs/Uwpc_8WQhTI/AAAAAAAAAsU/Fp7EhqNrPvw/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d1XDPAgmrGs/Uwpc_8WQhTI/AAAAAAAAAsU/Fp7EhqNrPvw/s1600/5.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Pantherophis
obsoletus obsoletus (Black rat snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://B6EBC6F7-F52F-4597-9F43-E076CB16D2DE/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw0BLc7xxV0/Uwpc_5rKk3I/AAAAAAAAAr0/m8XM4DOKW30/s1600/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw0BLc7xxV0/Uwpc_5rKk3I/AAAAAAAAAr0/m8XM4DOKW30/s1600/6.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Pantherophis
vulpine (Fox snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://955F2167-242D-4FD1-B6FD-5F26472F3491/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M6MqRWoXWZ8/UwpdAZvKTeI/AAAAAAAAAsA/AKinoa1o-C8/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M6MqRWoXWZ8/UwpdAZvKTeI/AAAAAAAAAsA/AKinoa1o-C8/s1600/7.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Lampropeltis
triangulum triangulum (Eastern milksnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://8117FA25-1EA8-4690-A1A0-8894D1E1A84B/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gkDpqcsO2gA/UwpdAluIjmI/AAAAAAAAAsI/DejuFGu717g/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gkDpqcsO2gA/UwpdAluIjmI/AAAAAAAAAsI/DejuFGu717g/s1600/8.jpg" height="209" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Lampropeltis
getula nigra (Black kingsnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://C521CA08-D731-4B5C-ACA8-D8C142988274/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ynde6QymZSE/UwpdA9qlV9I/AAAAAAAAAsQ/18hcq2cWDwk/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ynde6QymZSE/UwpdA9qlV9I/AAAAAAAAAsQ/18hcq2cWDwk/s1600/9.jpg" height="216" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dipsadidae<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Diadophis
punctatus edwardsi (Northern ring-neck snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://A58C5166-3D7C-4ED1-BB9B-8923325B808A/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6xgd5xX3KV8/Uwpc7MoyfDI/AAAAAAAAAqE/_2fcULpLaLQ/s1600/10+dip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6xgd5xX3KV8/Uwpc7MoyfDI/AAAAAAAAAqE/_2fcULpLaLQ/s1600/10+dip.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Heterodon
platyrhinos (Eastern hognose)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://24B73D92-3CAF-48B4-B6D7-AF345179F3A7/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ik14VK3bL-8/Uwpc7TUiMkI/AAAAAAAAAp8/hJ_NjNHcASQ/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ik14VK3bL-8/Uwpc7TUiMkI/AAAAAAAAAp8/hJ_NjNHcASQ/s1600/11.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Carphophis
amoenus amoenus (Eastern worm snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://115D781B-8191-4810-8438-FD7B1DA185C1/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Carphophis
amoenus helenae (Midwest worm snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tJuWyz2xonU/Uwpc7fK_4lI/AAAAAAAAAp4/ohnzrBzkeac/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tJuWyz2xonU/Uwpc7fK_4lI/AAAAAAAAAp4/ohnzrBzkeac/s1600/12.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Natricidae<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Nerodia sipedon
sipedon (Northern watersnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Nerodia sipedon
pleuralis (Midland watersnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://49F3B717-24BA-43CF-802B-20F0663D8C63/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oh3BtZQtstg/Uwpc89VeOeI/AAAAAAAAAqw/_GWpVX476JI/s1600/13+nat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oh3BtZQtstg/Uwpc89VeOeI/AAAAAAAAAqw/_GWpVX476JI/s1600/13+nat.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Nerodia
erythrogaster neglecta (Copperbelly watersnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://135B21AB-CE17-4400-89B6-2DF5A41582A8/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IxAoEWxUKoE/Uwpc9K83h2I/AAAAAAAAAqo/g0M5PGKMjRQ/s1600/14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IxAoEWxUKoE/Uwpc9K83h2I/AAAAAAAAAqo/g0M5PGKMjRQ/s1600/14.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Regina
septemvittata (Queen snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://9A4D3290-235F-4385-8943-D7D2BAD91B1B/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zjxIaAFqidk/Uwpc75tArCI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/XzRxL6Z2vTA/s1600/15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zjxIaAFqidk/Uwpc75tArCI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/XzRxL6Z2vTA/s1600/15.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Thamnophis
butleri (Butler’s garder snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://972536C1-9E67-4BE1-B1B8-8D8EBB30B8DD/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ARhRe2H5OL0/Uwpc8iPXxlI/AAAAAAAAAqY/ysapvNLRJ4o/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ARhRe2H5OL0/Uwpc8iPXxlI/AAAAAAAAAqY/ysapvNLRJ4o/s1600/16.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Thamnophis
sirtalis sirtalis (Eastern garder snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://FF0D6EF7-DDBE-4D94-B789-21F402158506/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XUSr8Bsn2gY/Uwpc8xuHYfI/AAAAAAAAAqg/Q4O8IzcPzwE/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XUSr8Bsn2gY/Uwpc8xuHYfI/AAAAAAAAAqg/Q4O8IzcPzwE/s1600/17.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Thamnophis
radix radix (Eastern plains garder snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://F0128605-C6A7-423D-9E2F-C37EF0178E16/application.pdf" /></div>
</b><b><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in;">
</div>
<div>
<b></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-udkBVW3QETk/Uwpc_7eVsYI/AAAAAAAAAr4/tjo33M1uUJg/s1600/18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-udkBVW3QETk/Uwpc_7eVsYI/AAAAAAAAAr4/tjo33M1uUJg/s1600/18.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<b>
</b></div>
Thamnophis
sauritus sauritus (Eastern ribbon snake)</b><b><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Thamnophis
sauritus septentrionalis (Northern ribbon snake)<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6xM0sFP5mCk/Uwpc9qiuDwI/AAAAAAAAAq4/hLf8fypLyes/s1600/19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6xM0sFP5mCk/Uwpc9qiuDwI/AAAAAAAAAq4/hLf8fypLyes/s1600/19.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://463EF012-6F64-4DF4-9675-3DF171FD3A63/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Storeria dekayi
wrightorum (Midland brownsnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Storeria dekayi
dekayi (Northern brownsnake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://91D0A36E-977B-4C21-A9DF-DC0D056042ED/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj_xvndoZBI/Uwpc-DT4QeI/AAAAAAAAArI/q-Wb62KcjKQ/s1600/20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj_xvndoZBI/Uwpc-DT4QeI/AAAAAAAAArI/q-Wb62KcjKQ/s1600/20.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Storeria
occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Northern redbellied snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://0F2063F9-CEE0-4BD6-B946-097F348CF258/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yumBROXagTY/Uwpc-sxqnDI/AAAAAAAAArQ/jvuyS5rlxds/s1600/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yumBROXagTY/Uwpc-sxqnDI/AAAAAAAAArQ/jvuyS5rlxds/s1600/21.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
Virginia
valeriae valeriae (Eastern smooth earth snake)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<img src="webkit-fake-url://39D50253-6023-4AA5-A8E0-EF8B11B0523E/application.pdf" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1fuVDzSzpY4/Uwpc-nG0XMI/AAAAAAAAArU/MNefZ42kx20/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1fuVDzSzpY4/Uwpc-nG0XMI/AAAAAAAAArU/MNefZ42kx20/s1600/22.jpg" height="233" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
These photos are from <a href="http://reptile-database.org/">The Reptile database</a>. The subspecies with no pictures were grouped together on the site, and therefore had no individual pictures. </div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-30611242645068328372014-02-21T13:35:00.000-05:002014-02-21T13:35:50.564-05:00Lab #5: Lepidosauria Part 1: Shenodonta and Sauria<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Lab #5: Lepidosauria </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Part 1: Shenodonta and Sauria</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Introduction </span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Eureptilia contains two extant lineages of reptiles, which are sister taxa. These two extant lineages are Archosauromorpha and Lepidosauromorpha, Some of the most iconic reptiles known to humans are contained within Lepidosauromorpha, which include:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Sphenodontida (Extant Tuatara and Rhynchocephalian) </li>
<li>Sauria (Lizards)</li>
<li>Serpentes (Snakes)</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Lepidosauria</span> all exhibit the following synapomorphies:</div>
<ol>
<li> Transverse cloacal aperture (vent)</li>
<li>Notched tongue (- lingul prehension)</li>
<li>Full-body ecdysis</li>
<li>Imperforate columella </li>
<li>Teeth attached to jaws</li>
<li>Pelvic bones fused in adults</li>
<li>Fracture planes on septa within caudal vertebrae</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Squamata</span></b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Comprised of Sauria and Serpentes</li>
<li>Contains over 8,000 species (5,019 species within Sauria alone)</li>
<li>Inhabit all contents but Antarctica</li>
<li>Found in hot and cold climates</li>
<li>Found in high and low elevations </li>
<li>Found in dry and wet environments</li>
<li>Found in freshwater and marine habitats</li>
<li>Greatest diversity found in semiarid habitats </li>
<li>Characterized from their skeletal and soft anatomy </li>
<li>Defined by more than 50 synapomorphies</li>
</ul>
<div>
The following is a list of 12 reviewed synapomorphies discussed in lab exhibited by Squamates:</div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Fused premaxillae</li>
<li>Fused parietal</li>
<li>Reduced nasals</li>
<li>Lack of volmerine teeth</li>
<li>Specialized joints between ulna-ulnare and radius-radiale</li>
<li>Specialized ankle joints</li>
<li>WEll developed hemipenes</li>
<li>Saccular ovaries</li>
<li>Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal organ) seperate from nasal capsule</li>
<li>Lacrimal duct joining the vomeronasal duct</li>
<li>Femoral and pre-anal glands</li>
<li>Egg tooth at hatching</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Anatomy of Skull in <i>Varanus</i></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Diversity Among Lepidosuaria</span></b></div>
</div>
There are currently 19 extant families that have been recognized within Sauria, but may be as many as 36 families. The greatest issue of debate over the number of families contained in Sauria pertains to the disagreement as to how large some families are and how inclusive family-level groups should be. Ultimately there remains considerable debate over whether or not to elevate many lizard subfamilies to family-level status. There is current consensus that the subfamilies within the family, Iguanidae, should be broken down into families. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">YELLOW ARE THE FAMILIES WE DISCUSSED IN LAB</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Families Represented in Lab (alphabetical order):</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Optima'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">Agamidae</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Optima'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Optima'; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt;">Angleheads, Calotes, Dragon Lizards, and
Allies</span><span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania;<span style="background-color: white;"> Acrodonta;
</span>Agamidae.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Chamaeleonidae.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Two Subfamilies:</b> Agaminae and “Leiolepidinae.” </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Africa, Asia, Australia, and Tasmania </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGKlDucXp2Q9HEeiAb4uP-umWrpNrTMPUnoc5JmFBUvMKl5YOt_MzPhjOvrC7r19OGc5pUkVT2fBm9zt4hgSxpyl1lbf7FaN7iQ26O3X_Kw8nX4xoik2dMM2wpC6PRutiGz74cwXyupz0/s1600/20140214_161848.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGKlDucXp2Q9HEeiAb4uP-umWrpNrTMPUnoc5JmFBUvMKl5YOt_MzPhjOvrC7r19OGc5pUkVT2fBm9zt4hgSxpyl1lbf7FaN7iQ26O3X_Kw8nX4xoik2dMM2wpC6PRutiGz74cwXyupz0/s1600/20140214_161848.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;">
<i><b>Droco volans </b></i></div>
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<i><b>-Have airfoil formed from ribs which is used gliding </b></i></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Optima'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">Anguidae
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Alligator Lizards, Glass Lizards, and Allies</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Toxicophora; Anguimorpha;
Anguidae.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Nine Genera:</b> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Abronia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Anguis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Barisia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Colop-
tychon</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Elgaria</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Gerrhonotus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Mesaspis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic;"><b>Ophisaurus</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>,</b> and
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pseudopus<span id="goog_1954395540"></span><span id="goog_1954395541"></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<b style="font-style: italic;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="font-style: italic;">Ophisaurus -glass lizard</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
no limbs </div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
longitudinal fold</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Optima; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;"> Chamaeleonidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Optima; font-style: italic;">Chameleons
</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDt7bmoZVaE973tnc1ruON9384_uUMilOhmiN_JxjNwZOjLGvfJFmfT4-nG02BZlemBtzRdqAQVKnsS76C0JwthGScxouGtGctZ2a3lppcxHyew4NzyFWaLtCFtM60FRtpR15jdoTGgs/s1600/20140214_163713.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania; Acrodonta;
Chamaeleonidae.<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Agamidae.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">Content: </span><span style="text-align: center;">Ten genera, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Bradypodion</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Brookesia</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Calumma</span><span style="text-align: center;">,
</span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Chamaeleo</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Furcifer</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Kinyongia</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Nadzikambia</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Rhampho-
leon</span><span style="text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Rieppeleon</span><span style="text-align: center;">, and </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Trioceros</span><span style="text-align: center;">, with 186 species.
</span><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">Distribution: </span><span style="text-align: center;">Africa, the Middle East, Madagascar, south-
ern Spain, Sri Lanka, and India</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><b style="text-align: center;">Acrodont teeth</b></li>
<li><b><span style="text-align: center;">l</span><span style="text-align: center;">aterally compressed bodies</span></b></li>
<li><b style="text-align: center;">prehensile tails</b></li>
<li><b style="text-align: center;">head casques covering their necks </b></li>
<li><span style="text-align: center;"><b>zygodacty- </b>(feet </span><span style="text-align: center;">fusion of sets of two and three digits, form-ing opposable, two-digited mitten-like fore</span><span style="text-align: center;"> and hind feet;
manus fusion 1–2–3 and 4–5, pes 1–2 and 3–4–5) </span></li>
<li><b style="text-align: center;">projectile
tongues</b></li>
<li><b style="text-align: center;">independently movable eyes </b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">Gekkota</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Eublepharidae
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Eyelid Geckos
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Gekkota; Gekkomorpha;
Eublepharidae.<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The ((Gekkonidae+Phyllodactylidae)
Sphaerodactylidae) clade.
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Content: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Six genera, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Aeluroscalabotes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Coleonyx</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Eublepharis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Goniurosaurus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hemitheconyx</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Holodac-
tylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Disjunct in southwestern North America
and northern Central America, and sub-Saharan Africa and
southern Asia </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Key Characteristics </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">LACK TOE PADS</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HAVE EYELIDS</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEw2_AkmvVCVMjg-Pnkj61piZyCUECFndYPhem1GBC66tRhe1hr8iHD4u_QYpEdmXKULujmta8HYsI2U_hoy8lM47ssljgwW1qxCxMnDnQ7A_0hDWalq4CItwE-YoS-zpPVG0h-jD4dx0/s1600/Eublepharidae.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEw2_AkmvVCVMjg-Pnkj61piZyCUECFndYPhem1GBC66tRhe1hr8iHD4u_QYpEdmXKULujmta8HYsI2U_hoy8lM47ssljgwW1qxCxMnDnQ7A_0hDWalq4CItwE-YoS-zpPVG0h-jD4dx0/s1600/Eublepharidae.png" height="168" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">Sphaerodactylidae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Dwarf Geckos
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Gekkota; Gekkomorpha;
Sphaerodactylidae.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">Sister taxon: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">The clade (Gekkonidae + Phyllodactylidae).
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">Content: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Twelve genera, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Aristelliger</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Chatogekko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Coleo-
dactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Euleptes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Gonatodes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Lepidoblepharis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Pristurus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Pesudogonatodes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Quedenfeldtia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Saurodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Sphaero-
dactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">, and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Teratoscincus</span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-Small like their common name suggests(dwarf gecko)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-Have spectacles</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Gekkonidae
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Wall-Climbing Geckos
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Gekkota; Gekkomorpha; Gek-
konidae.<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Phyllodactylidae.<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Content: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Fifty genera, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Afroedura</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Afrogecko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Agamura</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Ailuronyx</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Alsophylax</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Asiocolotes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Blaesodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Calodac-
tylodes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chondrodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Christinus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Cnemaspis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Colopus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Crossobamon</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Cryptactites</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Cyrtopodion</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Dixonius</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Ebena-
via</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Elasmodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Geckoella</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Geckolepis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Gehyra</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Gekko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Goggia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hemidactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hemiphyllodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Heteronotia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Homopholis</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Lepidodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Luperosaurus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Lygodactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Matoatoa</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Nactus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Narudasia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pachydactylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Paragehyra</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Paroedura</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Perochirus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Phelsuma</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pseudogekko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Ptenopus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Ptychozoon</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Rhinogecko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Roptropella</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Rhoptropus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Stenodac-
tylus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Tropiocolotes</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Urocotyledon</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Uroplatus</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, with 885+
species.
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pantropic including islands. Introduced in
temperate North and South America </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i>Most diverse group, they are large in size.</i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><i>Have no eye lids but do have 14 sclerotic ossicles</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Optima'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">Helodermatidae
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Optima; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded Lizard
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Squamata; Toxicophora; Anguimorpha;
Helodermatidae.<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The clade Xenosauridae + (Anguidae + Dip-
loglossidae + Anniellidae).
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Content: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">One genus, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Heloderma</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, with 2 species.
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Southwestern North America, from the
Sonoran Desert southward along the Mexican Pacific coast
to Guatemala<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<a href="webkit-fake-url://7C3FA7A5-0AEE-4D0E-B83D-AC6A6004CFF7/image.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="webkit-fake-url://7C3FA7A5-0AEE-4D0E-B83D-AC6A6004CFF7/image.tiff" /></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<ul>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOHN6uY_GYneAYkhGGaYHTbVfiilRmTFhK0nFasQfvL30D9AplLi0if3mGC4vWY6uLxGLGacfppad8PBy_n9GAJPrA991NouCxqTrF7NNpLO2XQ1PAOqPgbbbbHWydB3nvl7OzluXqSM/s1600/helo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOHN6uY_GYneAYkhGGaYHTbVfiilRmTFhK0nFasQfvL30D9AplLi0if3mGC4vWY6uLxGLGacfppad8PBy_n9GAJPrA991NouCxqTrF7NNpLO2XQ1PAOqPgbbbbHWydB3nvl7OzluXqSM/s1600/helo.png" height="299" width="320" /></a>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>large lizards</b> (300–
500 mm adult SVL). </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">only lizards with well-
developed<b> venom glands. </b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">thick skin with rows
of rounded scales circling ----the body, giving them a <b>beaded
appearance</b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>pleurodont,</b> and pterygoid teeth are present </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">synoptic fusion of dermal bones to skull table</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Phrynosomatidae</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt;">(North American Spiny Lizards)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Optima; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania; <span style="background-color: yellow;">Pleurodonta</span>; Phrynosomatidae.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>All other Pleurodonta</div>
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<b>Nine genera: </b><span style="font-style: italic;">Callisaurus</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Cophosaurus</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Hol- brookia</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Petrosaurus</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Phrynosoma</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Sceloporus</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Uma</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Urosaurus</span>, and <span style="font-style: italic;">Uta</span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Southern half of North America to western Panama<br />
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<ul>
<li>Moderately sized lizards </li>
<li>Arid-adapted species</li>
<li>Robust spiny-scaled body </li>
<li>Terrestrial and Semi-terrestrial </li>
<li>Occur in seasonal environments (reproduction strongly seasonal)</li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="background-color: yellow;">Iguanidae</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></b><span style="background-color: white;">(Iguanas and Allies)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Classification: </span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania; <span style="background-color: yellow;">Pleurodonta</span>; Iguanidae </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Crotaphytidae <b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Eight Genera:</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> <i>Amblyrhynchus</i>, <i>Brachylophus</i>, <i>Conolophus</i>, <i>Ctenosaura</i>, <i>Cyclura</i>, <i>Dipsosaurus</i>, <i>Iguana</i>, and <i>Sauromalus </i></span><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Distribution: </span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Americas from southwestern United States to Paraguay and southern Brazil, West Indies, Galápagos, and west-central Pacific islands (Neotropics)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Characteristics:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Typically large lizards</li>
<li>Predominantly terrestrial</li>
<li>Rarely descend into ground </li>
<li>Exclusively herbivorous</li>
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<b style="background-color: white;">Corytophanidae </b><span style="background-color: white;">(Casque-Head or Helmeted Lizards)</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania; <span style="background-color: yellow;">Pleurodonta</span>; Corytophanidae.<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Dactyloidae<br />
<b>Three genera:</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">Basiliscus</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Corytophanes</span>, and <span style="font-style: italic;">Lae- manctus</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Southern Mexico to northern South America </div>
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<b>Characteristics: </b></div>
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<li>Arboreal lizards </li>
<li>Casque-headed</li>
<li>Slender bodies</li>
<li>Long limbed</li>
<li>Rarely ascend to ground, except to lay eggs, and forage</li>
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">Dactyloidae</b> (True Anoles)</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Toxicofera; Iguania; <span style="background-color: yellow;">Pleurodonta</span>; Dactyloidae.<span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Polychrotidae.<br />
<b>One Genus:</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">Anolis</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Southeastern United States through Central America and the West Indies to tropical and subtropical South America<br />
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<b>Characteristics:</b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Most speciose pleurodontan lizards</li>
<li>Arboreal species, specialized foot morphology </li>
<li>Sexual dimorphism, males are larger</li>
<li>Sit and wait predators on arthropods</li>
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<b><span style="background-color: yellow;">Scincidae</span> </b>(Skinks)</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Scinciformata; Scincimorpha; Scincidae.<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Xantusiidae<br />
<b>Two subfamilies:</b> Acontinae and “Scincinae”<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Nearly worldwide<br />
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<b>Characteristics </b>("Scincinae")<b>:</b></div>
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<li>Highly diverse group </li>
<li>Cylindrical bodies and tails</li>
<li>Conical head</li>
<li>well developed moderately short limbs</li>
<li>Shiny, smooth scales </li>
<li>Others are short and robust with heavily keeled scales </li>
<li>Many are active foragers</li>
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">Teiidae</b> (Whiptail, Tegus, and Allies)</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Laterata; Lacertiformes; Teiidae.<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Gymnophthalmidae.<br />
<b>Two Extant Clades: </b>Teiinae and Tupinambinae<br />
<b>Two Extinct Clades:</b> Chamopsiinae and “Polyglyphanodontinae.”<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Americas, from northern United States to Chile and Argentina<br />
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<b>Characteristics:</b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Small, granular dorsal and lateral body scales</li>
<li>Rectangular, large, juxtaposed, transverse rows of ventral scales</li>
<li>Many are terrestrial and forage on forest ground</li>
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<b><span style="background-color: yellow;">Varanidae</span> </b>(Monitors and Goannas)</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Classification: </span>Squamata; Toxicophora; Anguimorpha; Varanidae.<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Sister taxon: </span>Lanthanotidae.<br />
<b>One Genus:</b><span style="font-style: italic;">Varanus</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700;">Distribution: </span>Warm temperate and tropical Africa south of the Sahara, eastward through Asia to Australia and islands in the southwestern Pacific </div>
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<b>Characteristics:</b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Large in size</li>
<li>Thick skin with numerous rows of small, rounded scales circling body</li>
<li>Ventral scales larger than dorsal scales</li>
<li>Rectangular scales on ventral surface</li>
<li>Very snake-like tongue </li>
<li>Relatively small heads with long necks and large robust bodies </li>
<li>Well enveloped limbs</li>
<li>Long muscular tails </li>
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<div>
<b>Ohio Diversity within Lepidosauria</b></div>
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Within Ohio there are few native species of lizards. the sate only contains two families and five species. </div>
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1) <span style="background-color: yellow;">Family:</span> Iguanidae</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinADk2X_XPy7DyMoxw2BgUCoMsAgQ9PCKkJCYcfjon6Bs1oRvbETnVoz4TMpZmXVULIPcNmVuAP_8HV-WaQpYAYH0LIMayb3gg4S6lh2CGTVxoB5l0tDLiSBTOivTJ4LSZgEuesUiboHQ/s1600/sceloporus+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinADk2X_XPy7DyMoxw2BgUCoMsAgQ9PCKkJCYcfjon6Bs1oRvbETnVoz4TMpZmXVULIPcNmVuAP_8HV-WaQpYAYH0LIMayb3gg4S6lh2CGTVxoB5l0tDLiSBTOivTJ4LSZgEuesUiboHQ/s1600/sceloporus+.jpg" height="208" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Sceloporus undulates garmani </i>(Northern Fence Lizard)</div>
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2) <span style="background-color: yellow;">Family:</span> Scincidae (Skinks)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6e5cSP-5KjspRzY31SiR3PQ7lTz1HaaerrZVWaxgIHMiMb7SXG5gMFiJ3gWY60kd1AFrqRsg5XXjV3oSqrUjz2QJkadX7M40-7oj5_aJduRHVgwTR9vo6Xc_mY4lzGp-AZCKCKh44Uo/s1600/skink_ground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6e5cSP-5KjspRzY31SiR3PQ7lTz1HaaerrZVWaxgIHMiMb7SXG5gMFiJ3gWY60kd1AFrqRsg5XXjV3oSqrUjz2QJkadX7M40-7oj5_aJduRHVgwTR9vo6Xc_mY4lzGp-AZCKCKh44Uo/s1600/skink_ground.jpg" height="191" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Scincella lateralis </i>(Ground Skink)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkt09xRGHkkgezLCMGPzBV2yEDYg03acWe_BJPytQSXUNpt72UcJadtEUd9qNrBk2jPpBkCepZ3-TJxlJt5yN8JUHZVY3JusBloBT0QYji8x7WsTrUPo22MCsGUbt1fh_Q9RM4_JaPvUI/s1600/five+lined+skink+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkt09xRGHkkgezLCMGPzBV2yEDYg03acWe_BJPytQSXUNpt72UcJadtEUd9qNrBk2jPpBkCepZ3-TJxlJt5yN8JUHZVY3JusBloBT0QYji8x7WsTrUPo22MCsGUbt1fh_Q9RM4_JaPvUI/s1600/five+lined+skink+.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 37px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Plestiodon fasciatus </i>(Five-Lined Skink)</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuHiwKllfiyReJU9qjGofFFRc17m5DKYFwESwtbcpvHAWMZHW0F3yuH5ugip3VOZOtcP1CL2piCS9vSGm4fqwg6zSAwpTqrRraWPqHuErBM1rfnRx50NjvQokebNrNOVrO39YQgGPPFM/s1600/799px-Broad-headed_skink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuHiwKllfiyReJU9qjGofFFRc17m5DKYFwESwtbcpvHAWMZHW0F3yuH5ugip3VOZOtcP1CL2piCS9vSGm4fqwg6zSAwpTqrRraWPqHuErBM1rfnRx50NjvQokebNrNOVrO39YQgGPPFM/s1600/799px-Broad-headed_skink.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Plestiodon laticeps </i>(Broad-Headed Skink)</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRSKuJiXwWEW4gRwA4n_Bwww3_xKgWvzCc3t1UPilp1CLKcBYcd-MDATCA5QqdM5-65BWt6FwMdvpVc-aFFDQ63QPWkvrYrF0AXLnq3KvIJeEoGzQ30HGDyIJ80GrSBjUDYMmd1LAPh8/s1600/CoalSkink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRSKuJiXwWEW4gRwA4n_Bwww3_xKgWvzCc3t1UPilp1CLKcBYcd-MDATCA5QqdM5-65BWt6FwMdvpVc-aFFDQ63QPWkvrYrF0AXLnq3KvIJeEoGzQ30HGDyIJ80GrSBjUDYMmd1LAPh8/s1600/CoalSkink.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Plestiodon anthracinus </i>(Northern Coal Skink)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCUeNlEC5BFEx4KwzfLQ9RBEp2lsv5Piv8sksPglczbxq8eI4iQaP3s4QMBlFphtJdmIOKaYeFyr0fTLJ-WS4RQ9aBgFAk56BwrWDn5jTsll3kTHmAIZ7Fuag2R3iZZpJKV07M4dnpks/s1600/DSCF1116G.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCUeNlEC5BFEx4KwzfLQ9RBEp2lsv5Piv8sksPglczbxq8eI4iQaP3s4QMBlFphtJdmIOKaYeFyr0fTLJ-WS4RQ9aBgFAk56BwrWDn5jTsll3kTHmAIZ7Fuag2R3iZZpJKV07M4dnpks/s1600/DSCF1116G.JPG" height="640" width="336" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lizard families within Sauria, specimens from <u>underlined</u> families were investigated in lab. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are two sister lineages within Eureptilia,
Archosauromorpha (Lab 3 & 4) and Lepidosauromorpha.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Lepidosauria synapomorphies:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">1)
Transverse cloacal aperture (vent)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 2)
<!--[endif]-->Notched tongue</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 3)
<!--[endif]-->Full body ecdysis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 4)
<!--[endif]-->Imperforate columella (stapes)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 5)
<!--[endif]-->Teeth are attached to the jaws</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 6)
<!--[endif]-->Pelvic bones fused in adults </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 7)
<!--[endif]-->Fracture planes or septa within caudal vertebrae</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Within Lepidosauria are the
Sphenodontida, made up of extant Tuatara & Rhynchocephalians; and the
Squamata, made up of Sauria (lizards) and Serpentes (snakes).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Squamata is a very numerous and
diverse group of reptiles. It consists of over 8,000 species that are found on
every continent in the world (except Antarctica) and on most sub tropical and
tropical islands. Because these reptiles are so widely spread throughout the
world, they have each developed their own unique behaviors and characteristics
to adapt to environments that are either hot or cold, wet or dry, freshwater or
saltwater, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Squamata synapomorphies:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b> </b>1) <!--[endif]-->Fused
premaxillae</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 2) <!--[endif]-->Fused
parietals</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 3) <!--[endif]-->Reduced
nasals</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 4) <!--[endif]-->Lack
of vomerine teeth</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 5) <!--[endif]-->Specialized
joints between ulna-ulnare and radius-radiale</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 6) <!--[endif]-->Specialized
ankle joints</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 7) <!--[endif]-->Well
developed hemipenes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 8) <!--[endif]-->Saccular
ovaries</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 9) <!--[endif]-->Jacobson’s
organ separated from nasal capsule.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 10) <!--[endif]-->Lacrimal
duct joining the vomeronasal duct</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 11) <!--[endif]-->Femoral
and pre-anal glands</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> 12) <!--[endif]-->Egg
tooth at hatching</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></b></o:p><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Phylogeny & Diversity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b> </b> The history of lizard systematics is a very controversial topic. Many argue over how large the families of the
clade are, how inclusive family-level groups should be, whether or not to
elevate some sub-families into families (for instance the subfamilies of
Iguanidae), etc. As a result hypotheses
have been presented based on molecular, morphological, and behavioral evidence
and many different arrangements of the reptilian clade have been put forth. As of now, at least 19 families have been
recognized, but there may be as many as 36. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“From an evolutionary perspective,
it shouldn’t matter whether we recognize a group as a sub family or family, so
long as we understand that the clades are real and that the relationships among
them are real”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Step 1 during
lab, the anatomy of the skull in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varanus</i>
was observed. A handout was provided by Dr. Sheil which the dorsal, ventral,
and lateral views for this genus. Observe the figure below and note the
particular bones associated within each of the three views. This figure is for
the species <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varanus griseus</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Varanus_griseus_gab_fbi.png"
style='width:468pt;height:542.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\vziccardi15\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="Varanus_griseus_gab_fbi"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YFOsFS0ovFPRp9VHbXxBnnHpLhzuCpZD3pYk-s0FdCgKjRCiw64v9tw3N4gyCYcAIJfbw6jLz5D2hMnYiUf_gJSgaaoEFB3UsSKQNYtR6wQAYRlevx7a-6wSGrvDed4UH6szhAlPyVQ/s1600/Pic+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YFOsFS0ovFPRp9VHbXxBnnHpLhzuCpZD3pYk-s0FdCgKjRCiw64v9tw3N4gyCYcAIJfbw6jLz5D2hMnYiUf_gJSgaaoEFB3UsSKQNYtR6wQAYRlevx7a-6wSGrvDed4UH6szhAlPyVQ/s1600/Pic+1.png" height="640" width="401" /></span></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSBEajusCtl1u9HvKxnq3NLqWhKzffTFuLsWLE1NKE5wfUhk5LxJnlZUl-aR0g-PhNp4YHijsbB8E_vJx4BqfGAIo6P39eorUkGmnU3h38stbeCwDp0vLw84q0C4kZmSYvGwC1kQxp4c/s1600/DSCF1093.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSBEajusCtl1u9HvKxnq3NLqWhKzffTFuLsWLE1NKE5wfUhk5LxJnlZUl-aR0g-PhNp4YHijsbB8E_vJx4BqfGAIo6P39eorUkGmnU3h38stbeCwDp0vLw84q0C4kZmSYvGwC1kQxp4c/s1600/DSCF1093.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See which bones you can identify on this varanid lizard skull.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Lizard Families</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> We should note that
there are many families of lizards for the squamates. Although not all of these
families were covered in lab, Step 2 examines the following families of lizards
that were present in lab. For each family, make sure that you take note of the
distribution along with some of their distinct characteristics which are
presented below.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1QeVPktLrpvf2JywV87hCwxGToKOrSgxbiJcJSoml40nCqyYFr41ThJ2pVyQYDEwbVIM40hUMB2PQEjEQ-G6UbIRnkFqzOFeT-vb-KKTAXWigQw-9smkqc2BYcKAiNuhxemIC633r7k/s1600/Agamidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1QeVPktLrpvf2JywV87hCwxGToKOrSgxbiJcJSoml40nCqyYFr41ThJ2pVyQYDEwbVIM40hUMB2PQEjEQ-G6UbIRnkFqzOFeT-vb-KKTAXWigQw-9smkqc2BYcKAiNuhxemIC633r7k/s1600/Agamidae.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution: Africa,
Asia, Australia, and Tasmania</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTgy4d8rXE91X07hxTVnYMfk4BXxPc_88qKPb4LN1vtF6jcd2WY3TgH0Qia8SXD9_9F6fV19F0NWKbAJIVWhMCl1d2l0yDWUb9v4OcsRA_UC2msUVClTAeMNfMnOUF3ZXvs4ryvZU4Ss/s1600/DSCF1074.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTgy4d8rXE91X07hxTVnYMfk4BXxPc_88qKPb4LN1vtF6jcd2WY3TgH0Qia8SXD9_9F6fV19F0NWKbAJIVWhMCl1d2l0yDWUb9v4OcsRA_UC2msUVClTAeMNfMnOUF3ZXvs4ryvZU4Ss/s1600/DSCF1074.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Draco volans</i>, a gliding agamid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics:
Small to large lizards which are covered by overlapping scales or granular, juxtaposed
scales dorsally and ventrally. No osteoderms are present dorsally and ventrally
on the trunk region. These species are limbed, where the pectoral girdle is
t-shaped. Their tail is usually long and the tongue is covered dorsally with
reticular papillae. The skull possesses paired nasals, postorbitals,
squamosals, frontal, and parietal; the parietal foramen usually perforates the
frontoparietal suture. They possess acrodont dentition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Anguidae<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6O6No13djgXGhwzOTBHf9ca8JcISpk4r-awceKrmRZ7lx8nvUmLGgzlKQSeDzKaJfUhYJLi80drTlV1RknKN1BeguClFmIl3_WgXnDCec1DeI1G7z1JiqVmVJAA3u_5tqGevvvQfdgyE/s1600/Anguidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6O6No13djgXGhwzOTBHf9ca8JcISpk4r-awceKrmRZ7lx8nvUmLGgzlKQSeDzKaJfUhYJLi80drTlV1RknKN1BeguClFmIl3_WgXnDCec1DeI1G7z1JiqVmVJAA3u_5tqGevvvQfdgyE/s1600/Anguidae.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">(Looks like a snake when limbless, but this anguid is not a snake!)</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_hwwZ5Jd1Nn-GSdfyfOsX2GtTU7Ync_nMekOmeLMmM2if99ZDAepAyTdAMZewhQOaSnIyP5_iXhkzYqGriu4nvcWwkx6SG5GB-mcqeCcdgvkeWzpk35yfXdl1QoY8uZw2n3Rz8pnActc/s1600/DSCF1115.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_hwwZ5Jd1Nn-GSdfyfOsX2GtTU7Ync_nMekOmeLMmM2if99ZDAepAyTdAMZewhQOaSnIyP5_iXhkzYqGriu4nvcWwkx6SG5GB-mcqeCcdgvkeWzpk35yfXdl1QoY8uZw2n3Rz8pnActc/s1600/DSCF1115.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Do you see the eyelids on this limbless <i>Ophisaurus</i>?</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution: Americas,
Europe, Southwest Asia</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics:
These lizards can either be limbed or limbless which have tails that can be
twice the length of their body. All of them are heavily armored with largely
nonoverlapping scales and contain osteoderms on the trunk dorsally and
ventrally. Ventrolateral folds are well developed in most anguidswhich allows
for body expansion for breathing, feeding, and reproduction. The tongue bears
papillae and lacks lingual scales which are associated near the tongue. The
skull can have present or absent squamosals along with a fused parietal; the
parietal perforates the parietal foramen. They possess pleurodont dentition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNGA_RqbeWg4thNa2alnQbrgaUyXdbeR9n_dfXYrnHj_eMu4gA5601Yd7C0_3W1spMITCTMJw4m2j1mEVhQ8WOoxt363DVWYAtWtYIwHoH1Mg6vBAW-co3cGocCwmP0VCly45jZYP_IvI/s1600/chamaeleonidae.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNGA_RqbeWg4thNa2alnQbrgaUyXdbeR9n_dfXYrnHj_eMu4gA5601Yd7C0_3W1spMITCTMJw4m2j1mEVhQ8WOoxt363DVWYAtWtYIwHoH1Mg6vBAW-co3cGocCwmP0VCly45jZYP_IvI/s1600/chamaeleonidae.png" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chamaelionidae<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae) climbing on the branches Stock Photo - 9728715"
style='width:418.5pt;height:235.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\vziccardi15\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae) climbing on the branches Stock Photo - 9728715"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gsHMdsjUXImyTq5zLX7KbVoU0HYJttEDLQaJsJha8byyOpU6ZbimjOxcN6tjh7gEtCkA0DWwBccBnn4V5IOL9y2CaXZYx0OveRm0uiR14OVz9wJkv30INNsgRz3_-7CUQwsEApDACM4/s1600/DSCF1087.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gsHMdsjUXImyTq5zLX7KbVoU0HYJttEDLQaJsJha8byyOpU6ZbimjOxcN6tjh7gEtCkA0DWwBccBnn4V5IOL9y2CaXZYx0OveRm0uiR14OVz9wJkv30INNsgRz3_-7CUQwsEApDACM4/s1600/DSCF1087.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the acrodont teeth in this chameleon</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Distribution: Africa,
Middle East, Madagascar, southern Spain, India</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Characteristics:
Chameleons are unique for their laterally compressed bodies, prehensile tails,
head casques covering their necks, and Xygodactylous feet where sets of digits
are fused forming opposable fore-and hind feet. All of these species are limbed
where the specialized pectoral girdle lacks an interclavicle and clavicles.
Their tails are moderately short to long and the tongue is covered with
reticular papillae dorsally. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Gekkota</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>The geckos examined in lab today involved three families
in the subfamily Gekkota. Note the characteristics for each of these three
families. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIsw0ri6CCEVMy6MSud99C5sRyEEoxtnjNPU7LbCEXQ7eFj8_5ddUOBpDS1VAXexfMvmjNLOU4uAktEDq7nLoJDEenY8Pd_Hq5igSoLh64KQz5oiE56gFSxzIhMZTqoV1PWKJqXNtkbTM/s1600/gekko.png" height="239" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An example of a eublepharid gecko</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Eublepharidae</b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">: Known as the eyelid geckos since they possess eyelids rather than spectacles! In particular, their feet lack modifications allowing them to climb.</span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Sphaerodactylidae</b>:
Known as the dwarf geckos, they possess well-developed limbs along with tiny
juxtaposed scales. Adults are no larger than 60mm SVL Their eye is covered by a spectacle cover and do not possess
eyelids.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0_lMMisQUyJ42MbCGz_9RWb0JqZ5eHw-jtKvnR5PJ-Z2KyoLvzbapk_KO9hk7Br9rWl4HrnUOmESqn_iIKcucglXCyojHrQ-6uUOu88xznEz1mSIX-vvwdaFCwMF8eUe2wHp6bFPJHQU/s1600/DSCF1052.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0_lMMisQUyJ42MbCGz_9RWb0JqZ5eHw-jtKvnR5PJ-Z2KyoLvzbapk_KO9hk7Br9rWl4HrnUOmESqn_iIKcucglXCyojHrQ-6uUOu88xznEz1mSIX-vvwdaFCwMF8eUe2wHp6bFPJHQU/s1600/DSCF1052.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">One member of Sphaerodactylidae (top) and two members of Gekkonidae (middle and bottom)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Gekkonidae</b>:
Known as the house geckos, they possess well-developed limbs, and their
eyes contain 14 scleral ossicles. They do not possess eyelids but do
possess spectacle covers.</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Helodermatidae<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4q0qeLfyiK6i3meSJOn7GAN_m7O0Z9Ptmamt4Rg3QlUV6LwyEMXGS-BGUfSkoxCVN5zUKw0_0ZklZesw7CwToe1CcU-cefNs4zMw5iHDHS78UtYcwF2BfpR3yMS8okLv55HzpTsfGmqY/s1600/helodermatidae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4q0qeLfyiK6i3meSJOn7GAN_m7O0Z9Ptmamt4Rg3QlUV6LwyEMXGS-BGUfSkoxCVN5zUKw0_0ZklZesw7CwToe1CcU-cefNs4zMw5iHDHS78UtYcwF2BfpR3yMS8okLv55HzpTsfGmqY/s1600/helodermatidae.jpg" height="172" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution:
Southwestern North America</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics:
Helodermatids are large lizards and are the only lizards with well-developed
venom glands. The have broad, flattened heads along with robust bodies, short
limbs, and heavy tails. They have thick skin, and their scales are slightly
larger and squarish ventrally. Ventrally, the trunk contains osteoderms; the
tongue bears papillae, and the parietal foramen is absent. They possess
pleurodont dentition.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLMpDRu7mZlDwLyI5tsbZAuPbyP51x9WnPSKc-OlapxisAtaRodlqvBPJqdFMZchTuRUkxVQhmjqRefN1SVKmQZaXbLTpygGzLkdRgEXpwJjiArU5QofdK6km6ROXM8TzkUOHRqMGzhY/s1600/DSCF1081.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLMpDRu7mZlDwLyI5tsbZAuPbyP51x9WnPSKc-OlapxisAtaRodlqvBPJqdFMZchTuRUkxVQhmjqRefN1SVKmQZaXbLTpygGzLkdRgEXpwJjiArU5QofdK6km6ROXM8TzkUOHRqMGzhY/s1600/DSCF1081.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG_9Qh-DUQlwQwDXjEIa7G2GLZBhjN8GRfq56Xb0_i1Lb8jTy17Hnno8zEhtWU8YGOlFfG8WdahWBoz2ogzhXBbM0Up7zfGOSeTZH_N6zebUgVkopiHg91Ed3di0uGQxu1tRxBXrL3iIQ/s1600/DSCF1084.JPG" height="150" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skull cast displaying pleurodont dentition and synostotic fusion of dermal bones to skull</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG_9Qh-DUQlwQwDXjEIa7G2GLZBhjN8GRfq56Xb0_i1Lb8jTy17Hnno8zEhtWU8YGOlFfG8WdahWBoz2ogzhXBbM0Up7zfGOSeTZH_N6zebUgVkopiHg91Ed3di0uGQxu1tRxBXrL3iIQ/s1600/DSCF1084.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p><br /></o:p></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> Pleurodonta</o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These lizards have been historically grouped into one large family named Iguanidae. This clade has recently been elevated to Pleurodonta and the historical subfamilies have been elevated to family level.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Inguanidae</b> (prev. Iguaninae): </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In their skull, the lacrimal foramen is not enlarged, the jugal and squamosal are not in broad contact, Meckel’s cartilage in the mandible is fused. To determine sex, note that males possess femoral pores where the females do not.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Distribution:
Americas from southwestern United States to south Brazil, West Indies, and
west-central Pacific islands</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMypYc4dH1irD623xiir8yDFRzRj5tgDwz2Vx1ierXcpBJ_5ycsFdSw7bE2Np-sLFYXgb3S6WCRceSzyYj6I5U6Z5V9swRutCFHqjXIyEk9u91cw-cPaOxihVdCPIQHQ5bAdz2ls5SOHM/s1600/iguana.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMypYc4dH1irD623xiir8yDFRzRj5tgDwz2Vx1ierXcpBJ_5ycsFdSw7bE2Np-sLFYXgb3S6WCRceSzyYj6I5U6Z5V9swRutCFHqjXIyEk9u91cw-cPaOxihVdCPIQHQ5bAdz2ls5SOHM/s1600/iguana.png" height="149" width="200" /></a></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39omHvKhtKReH6EhiDx9m2LACgN7Y4nTMBBDcM05x0EuDCzfBNPRO6wD8IiiB5DGyr4lMcPIgmQ9EypY3pVrUrkezMUqCXUka4dG6kCt8xkYtXo6V4XLsTLzyW0rkaWfQ1y9K9-omLpI/s1600/DSCF1071.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39omHvKhtKReH6EhiDx9m2LACgN7Y4nTMBBDcM05x0EuDCzfBNPRO6wD8IiiB5DGyr4lMcPIgmQ9EypY3pVrUrkezMUqCXUka4dG6kCt8xkYtXo6V4XLsTLzyW0rkaWfQ1y9K9-omLpI/s1600/DSCF1071.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Femoral pores on male iguanid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Corytophanidae: </b>These lizards have pterygoid teeth, but no palatine teeth. Males have no femoral pores and adults are usually 90-200mm SVL.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Distribution: Southern Mexico to Northern South America</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7bayxo8hcQJ2GDhF-qo4AnO7uo3u3NeJfJUpXHhT2CyCLLS7KTwo6NG5NY427qB_R8wAhc9QokQriEff_ppYSBZiPb72MNafn4qPdXEKd_s6FSqheDnq3Hwba_6c_rbHJeh4QNBnveI/s1600/DSCF1063.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7bayxo8hcQJ2GDhF-qo4AnO7uo3u3NeJfJUpXHhT2CyCLLS7KTwo6NG5NY427qB_R8wAhc9QokQriEff_ppYSBZiPb72MNafn4qPdXEKd_s6FSqheDnq3Hwba_6c_rbHJeh4QNBnveI/s1600/DSCF1063.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The long toes on the hind limb of this <i>Basciliscus</i> enable it to run on water.<br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Dactyloidae:</b> This is the most speciose family within Pleurodonta, most species range between 40-80mm SVL. Males lack femoral pores and are usually larger than females. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Distribution: Southeastern US through Central South America and throughout West Indies</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia-kHy0AlIwoKrEoMPOnHvduU71lHeRtZRmaaXLkWhM1sHtRT5mwiUOSCXO16tY1PopZZCid5etFkZ-2zFOfAYgJuuSXg9L50v2Fc07M4EVmBfd-WB_9nKlLR1NaPKca4TIW1HZU_Sba0/s1600/DSCF1058.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia-kHy0AlIwoKrEoMPOnHvduU71lHeRtZRmaaXLkWhM1sHtRT5mwiUOSCXO16tY1PopZZCid5etFkZ-2zFOfAYgJuuSXg9L50v2Fc07M4EVmBfd-WB_9nKlLR1NaPKca4TIW1HZU_Sba0/s1600/DSCF1058.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9WyTVfU0slue8_L-vSVr6RqodlmAFDF2HPfalf2m1CCfT5LTZFve-2K9ixZKRC3APrSQ_E567CL1hKrxXXQytQlJ_nxtjD4C4JRNGsYNjOhEqCF9Y9UL0jdV8-H60H7afL9scKh5V1g4/s1600/skank.png" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9WyTVfU0slue8_L-vSVr6RqodlmAFDF2HPfalf2m1CCfT5LTZFve-2K9ixZKRC3APrSQ_E567CL1hKrxXXQytQlJ_nxtjD4C4JRNGsYNjOhEqCF9Y9UL0jdV8-H60H7afL9scKh5V1g4/s1600/skank.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution:
Worldwide</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics: The
skinks are always covered with overlapping scales dorsally and ventrally. They
can either possess limbs or be limbless externally. Their interclavicle is
absent, so the clavicles are angular. Their tails are moderately long; tongue
bears papillae; pleurodont dentition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teiidae<br />
</b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/44836.jpg"
style='width:468pt;height:294pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTx92Y1kMV-ak-zULc4W8K4lqXbWRe156DYcUX8U5vjT-28wwyu3RnOG29gsgm1Dfolx9HocRkDkduuxKd7dATFrMjabWXcpPm0_u8hT6d7-mvodq6nOVbDJKIuDa-T5O2wlstx64KPGQ/s1600/teiid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTx92Y1kMV-ak-zULc4W8K4lqXbWRe156DYcUX8U5vjT-28wwyu3RnOG29gsgm1Dfolx9HocRkDkduuxKd7dATFrMjabWXcpPm0_u8hT6d7-mvodq6nOVbDJKIuDa-T5O2wlstx64KPGQ/s1600/teiid.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution: The
Americas (from northern U.S. to Chile and Argentina)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics: This
family of whiptail lizards, tegus, and allies are small to large lizards that
possess smaller scales on the dorsal and lateral views of the body compared to
the ventral view. All of the species within this family have well-developed limbs
along with a long, autonomous tail. The posterior edges of the lingual scales
are smooth; teiids possess pleurodont dentition.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5lDK4xcWGgekjCunvmZ3oW2k3Hf1sVoJLgqIquFAyXwOYiHn67C-HlZcZ1jt0tIz9LRfE501Jo0iGAp6d_D5BnNsYkcX3eugCOmgUxpYWqK_qsd-lQl8eNvhsBHX9leYjm2ZgTunojE/s1600/DSCF1073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5lDK4xcWGgekjCunvmZ3oW2k3Hf1sVoJLgqIquFAyXwOYiHn67C-HlZcZ1jt0tIz9LRfE501Jo0iGAp6d_D5BnNsYkcX3eugCOmgUxpYWqK_qsd-lQl8eNvhsBHX9leYjm2ZgTunojE/s1600/DSCF1073.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two teiid lizards (top and middle) compared to a varanid lizard (bottom) </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Varanidae<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoLbouiHUwjXExdZLD3atQUFHxuEG5erip207DdiOtA7u8ov-bb4nXJuwUkBKBj3FJiudiRj1lQPPbC7Ta_JGDd6J3VOrFVDn4HqH1Uejin8OOdoqoeXsf3Ux3uNmaO_SQ8mEfnI6HD4/s1600/varanid.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoLbouiHUwjXExdZLD3atQUFHxuEG5erip207DdiOtA7u8ov-bb4nXJuwUkBKBj3FJiudiRj1lQPPbC7Ta_JGDd6J3VOrFVDn4HqH1Uejin8OOdoqoeXsf3Ux3uNmaO_SQ8mEfnI6HD4/s1600/varanid.png" height="213" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distribution: Warm
temperate and tropical Africa south of the Sahara</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Characteristics:
Family of the Kamoto Dragon (</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Varanus</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">),
most are moderate to large in size with thick skin containing numerous rows
small scales circling the body. Their ventral scales are slightly larger than
the dorsal scales. Varanids possess pleurdont dentition and a hemibaculum, a cartilaginous strut in each hemipenis.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ohio Diversity</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p>The final step in lab
dealt with the Ohio diversity of lizards. Ohio only has two families and five
species. Make sure you know the following families and species in Ohio for the
exam!<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Family: Phrynosomatidae<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Sceloporous undulates garmani</i> (Northern Fence Lizard)</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.salisbury.edu/lowershoreherpatlas/Species%20Pages/Fence%20lizard/girl&lizard.JPG"
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o:title="girl&lizard"/>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDWwX_T70l0AsRoyVMCuuc4PJgh9QBu0IBfyD4kcBM4g04f5rA52mLOtDjOs9H91mOHWDjTvjB9cxfPjHh6Rz4KLSqM-6f4IYoPeHEUDjQU2XQGpy-eOJuv-AiQAYZFvFGfo9q3Z9aN4/s1600/phrynosomatid+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDWwX_T70l0AsRoyVMCuuc4PJgh9QBu0IBfyD4kcBM4g04f5rA52mLOtDjOs9H91mOHWDjTvjB9cxfPjHh6Rz4KLSqM-6f4IYoPeHEUDjQU2XQGpy-eOJuv-AiQAYZFvFGfo9q3Z9aN4/s1600/phrynosomatid+1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE PHRYNOSOMATIDS IS THAT MALES POSSESS FEMORAL PORES.
NOTE THE DIFFERENCES FROM THE PICTURE SHOWN BELOW. (A = MALE, C= FEMALE)</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcCAJNG3cq0Lu8XE0kaj79dvGHDrxhA1_0rM3AKmVeLH9h1qZwubxhaLWlNtKjfg1Oj_AAbGqvrlcPvsrH1VNRHM9lBru0rjaBrP4osBvAAPhV8l-gskPOZmJP0xOhT7DTw4KL6foZ0Ds/s1600/phrynosomatid+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcCAJNG3cq0Lu8XE0kaj79dvGHDrxhA1_0rM3AKmVeLH9h1qZwubxhaLWlNtKjfg1Oj_AAbGqvrlcPvsrH1VNRHM9lBru0rjaBrP4osBvAAPhV8l-gskPOZmJP0xOhT7DTw4KL6foZ0Ds/s1600/phrynosomatid+2.jpg" height="209" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Family: Scincidae
(skinks)<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <i>Scincella lateralis</i> (Ground Skink)</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGe7LqSSMVeB3nZQMdsSMD3_6c_NOKz_nAZuPCz5NQXfzXz4_BhAPv6ipzXeLMoxlWlQpuQfuxGYlzStpmfbDsHGZB3DqM-aOt_pdpLTX3PQTcuhbheLpgNikzHdIRWDyW1yyuXPwemGI/s1600/groundskink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGe7LqSSMVeB3nZQMdsSMD3_6c_NOKz_nAZuPCz5NQXfzXz4_BhAPv6ipzXeLMoxlWlQpuQfuxGYlzStpmfbDsHGZB3DqM-aOt_pdpLTX3PQTcuhbheLpgNikzHdIRWDyW1yyuXPwemGI/s1600/groundskink.jpg" height="297" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <i>Plestiodon fasciatus</i> (Five-Lined Skink)</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vWgQi8dCwEjAMowSwe4vLR-2ErNDHF3nrKx9ah99mnZMgKYlnb60mLXoVMnLjN9uYX1_gjoihSXrJf6gwJOPTYAa_AV3abBFdflNWOtKv9UcolH5O3Tsbo02K0fpEFarBYQ_5ixfiro/s1600/fivelined.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vWgQi8dCwEjAMowSwe4vLR-2ErNDHF3nrKx9ah99mnZMgKYlnb60mLXoVMnLjN9uYX1_gjoihSXrJf6gwJOPTYAa_AV3abBFdflNWOtKv9UcolH5O3Tsbo02K0fpEFarBYQ_5ixfiro/s1600/fivelined.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Plestiodon laticeps</i>
(Broad-Headed Skink)</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf95TRylVk6x5_hEBhgNptk_IpD-B4ibWLcv7jVnTobvbrulvc4PLpPPf00e0go6C7dvr37azFQLd-9qpcFnBUjVxBC4bK_F07JjDCPNmIAqPle8fAVi98xLqmEFkRUYGxJaaAPyGdU9Y/s1600/broad+headedskank.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf95TRylVk6x5_hEBhgNptk_IpD-B4ibWLcv7jVnTobvbrulvc4PLpPPf00e0go6C7dvr37azFQLd-9qpcFnBUjVxBC4bK_F07JjDCPNmIAqPle8fAVi98xLqmEFkRUYGxJaaAPyGdU9Y/s1600/broad+headedskank.png" height="266" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <i>Plestiodon anthracinus</i> (Northern Coal Skink)</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikabdsecqeREgnlLd7Kxp-9ymYcXJlsJ0QRacakW3_uT6oqFp9HxpnkKbFQ0Xmdm7OaXHwACbWnFQP-0DkT6Yb8P5LZxXxOkgOZnuNuyF74fa51l-FovEt6YKdsdXS9F6fYWRdTrJ-VPQ/s1600/northerncoilskink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikabdsecqeREgnlLd7Kxp-9ymYcXJlsJ0QRacakW3_uT6oqFp9HxpnkKbFQ0Xmdm7OaXHwACbWnFQP-0DkT6Yb8P5LZxXxOkgOZnuNuyF74fa51l-FovEt6YKdsdXS9F6fYWRdTrJ-VPQ/s1600/northerncoilskink.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></div>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyW8FEmIZ1BEAuITN_-9z8o6iSoH-j444m_H8dpoMzDwULWYdIcQ_kdNekkl0z1xX_uW5ugtgnXouyP2q7bveRCszb234G0rgxc1Be6GDayHXgpC8X2kNE7GLRVB1QzN28OiukcY2u7zXZ/s1600/kk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyW8FEmIZ1BEAuITN_-9z8o6iSoH-j444m_H8dpoMzDwULWYdIcQ_kdNekkl0z1xX_uW5ugtgnXouyP2q7bveRCszb234G0rgxc1Be6GDayHXgpC8X2kNE7GLRVB1QzN28OiukcY2u7zXZ/s1600/kk.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A phylogenetic tree from the lab handout showing the evolutionary relationships between various groups of Saurischian and Ornithischian dinosaurs.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Today’s lab was a field trip to the Cleveland Museum
of Natural History to examine fossils of dinosaurs and other members of extinct
reptilian clades. A radiation of dinosaur diversity occurred during the
Mesozoic Era (220-65 million years ago), and to date, about 1,000 species have
been described. As shown in the hierarchical classification below, dinosaurs fall within the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Archosauromorpha </b>clade of <b>Reptilia</b>
(which also includes<b> Crocodylia</b> and possibly <b>Testudines</b>), specifically the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ornithodira </b>(which also includes the <u>SEPARATE</u>
lineage of <b>Pterosauria</b>). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Archosauromorpha </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Archosauria</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Crurotarsi</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Crocodylia
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><b>Ornithodira</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Pterosauria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dinosauria</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ornithischia ("Bird-hipped" dinosaurs)</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Saurischia
("Lizard-hipped" dinosaurs)</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Carnosauria</span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Aves
(Birds)</span><br />
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Characteristics of <b>Ornithodira</b> include: </span></li>
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</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
supra-acetabular crest</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
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enlarged fourth trochanter (femur)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
digitigrade stance (standing on the tips of their toes)</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6HRY-_oodhfeOdrBWbP_0-wicfWYZBQ79FGdv7r-Vpzytz31RiKc_0fEQwAHwWTefFvev3hsr0YLnl5MfATZcVssnU7rJB6ohNkfIC0A8SMd5-8QQV-kp9-c7Rt5CymN41q312nKYvff/s1600/characteristics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6HRY-_oodhfeOdrBWbP_0-wicfWYZBQ79FGdv7r-Vpzytz31RiKc_0fEQwAHwWTefFvev3hsr0YLnl5MfATZcVssnU7rJB6ohNkfIC0A8SMd5-8QQV-kp9-c7Rt5CymN41q312nKYvff/s1600/characteristics.jpg" height="80" width="400" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Synapomorphies that define the monophyletic group <b>Dinosauria</b> include:</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elongate vomers that reach caudally to at least the level of the
antorbital fenestra</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4mXJKokBQVoI7peOUtXoYwLxl_Xl2kp6x6xDX_tX-Dhu-hfT5-BZJIhM85-jmdBJLEP98eWHNmzsRrtYtJuHLtZ-F0Bj8iTROSJuO-kTiLCjueMoGUk0e3pQXX2jnLXK1QY6qfqheVWBM/s1600/vomer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4mXJKokBQVoI7peOUtXoYwLxl_Xl2kp6x6xDX_tX-Dhu-hfT5-BZJIhM85-jmdBJLEP98eWHNmzsRrtYtJuHLtZ-F0Bj8iTROSJuO-kTiLCjueMoGUk0e3pQXX2jnLXK1QY6qfqheVWBM/s1600/vomer.jpg" height="320" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-161.pdf" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Three or more sacral vertebrae</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xh9OvEIHMPx3qBV45Vn6irhDdJ1zMDw3EEn51rFHzqF7SjV4faFYe1ULOsQ6tAmUJtpj8ZJiwMmzGz8Gg5qfLXQUvgR46K6xVx5YfknxcPTfrD6QJGqHntXONxNhoJRaGY1Xa_OU8PuY/s1600/sacral+vert.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xh9OvEIHMPx3qBV45Vn6irhDdJ1zMDw3EEn51rFHzqF7SjV4faFYe1ULOsQ6tAmUJtpj8ZJiwMmzGz8Gg5qfLXQUvgR46K6xVx5YfknxcPTfrD6QJGqHntXONxNhoJRaGY1Xa_OU8PuY/s1600/sacral+vert.jpg" height="141" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/osbornmook1921-plate-84-camarasaurus-reconstruction-annotated.jpeg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Scapulocoraoical glenoid fossa facing posteriorly</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWOpj5slqHl85RzLKcvKUshXwHmO9eBw2usfGUDEOyp_yLmN2e9s85qLeFowqLczo0qXceLVB0wuUdn5iVXCXQma1Gk0jv6glCourTN4NhpIo6_FoNFFSrXtAcfjyCZwi5ErUEjIj9SAjJ/s1600/pectoral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWOpj5slqHl85RzLKcvKUshXwHmO9eBw2usfGUDEOyp_yLmN2e9s85qLeFowqLczo0qXceLVB0wuUdn5iVXCXQma1Gk0jv6glCourTN4NhpIo6_FoNFFSrXtAcfjyCZwi5ErUEjIj9SAjJ/s1600/pectoral.jpg" height="182" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/T-Rex.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Low deltopectoral crest that runs one-third or half the length of
the shaft of the humerus</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnVPMZvHU3-C3ivLnbtmNgnH908VJVfPuhogJtZa64hgSn6fgnCuwC1RlHKJg8sDH_Mjp5IH-Rcqc246gSxjGqKJc1AgVpqwq2GxFnQClaVb6hi6LmQcdizZg7jrLczh7k6add_NTtpZW/s1600/deltopectoral+crestall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnVPMZvHU3-C3ivLnbtmNgnH908VJVfPuhogJtZa64hgSn6fgnCuwC1RlHKJg8sDH_Mjp5IH-Rcqc246gSxjGqKJc1AgVpqwq2GxFnQClaVb6hi6LmQcdizZg7jrLczh7k6add_NTtpZW/s1600/deltopectoral+crestall.jpg" height="320" width="289" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(CW from upper left: <a href="http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/deltopectoral%20crest.jpg" target="_blank">Source 1</a>,<a href="http://opendino.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/forelimb.png" target="_blank"> Source 2</a>, <a href="http://australianageofdinosaurs.com/resources/Shop/Model&Collectables/Banjo-Arm-600.jpg" target="_blank">Source 3</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Three or fewer phalanges on the Digit IV of the manus</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYARuiQT6fnenVPJ06Z0Tb43iyqQUNggOetx4hyQnkjZFOIfVvamLzLPas97Q7s1ehXJ50cWX9NqcXQX_CHw43SSlBCWElglhXm1v-yms3c6ZyyL7C4gilkRRqWeW6wer77VrvQ8DeIsRO/s1600/manus2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYARuiQT6fnenVPJ06Z0Tb43iyqQUNggOetx4hyQnkjZFOIfVvamLzLPas97Q7s1ehXJ50cWX9NqcXQX_CHw43SSlBCWElglhXm1v-yms3c6ZyyL7C4gilkRRqWeW6wer77VrvQ8DeIsRO/s1600/manus2.png" height="231" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://opendino.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/manus2.png" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acetabulum completely or mostly open for the head of the femur</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Femur with a distinct head and neck that is distinct from shaft</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Greatly reduced fibula</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well-developed ascending process of astragalus (a bone of the
ankle)</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq04ZHWzdZuv5cMob6Ax3FxxoLTpahcUW8axr_9NYBOrjUOCGiFIaC8mnk5BV5Il5VzRyQlAt2DnVMfR67_7DLuS0XrmNsZD2N0LzBW_VKQ7OLKta67DuIMu4dca6Ea_vBOAk2QsPLI2pE/s1600/astragalus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq04ZHWzdZuv5cMob6Ax3FxxoLTpahcUW8axr_9NYBOrjUOCGiFIaC8mnk5BV5Il5VzRyQlAt2DnVMfR67_7DLuS0XrmNsZD2N0LzBW_VKQ7OLKta67DuIMu4dca6Ea_vBOAk2QsPLI2pE/s1600/astragalus.jpg" height="174" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://opendino.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/hindlimb_labeled1.png" target="_blank">Source 1</a>, <a href="http://archosaurmusings.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/astrag59.jpg" target="_blank">Source 2</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are two main groups that compose<b> Dinosauria</b>:
<b>Saurischia</b> and <b>Ornithischia</b>. Members of the clade <b>Saurischia are referred to as the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs</b>. The term "lizard-hipped" refers to the condition of the pubis, which extends anterioventrally.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Examples of Saurischian
dinosaurs we saw at the museum are: <i>Nannotyrannus, Tyrannosaurus rex, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi, Allosaurus fragilis, </i>and perhaps <i>Coelophysis</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i></span></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Members of <b>Saurischia</b> can be identified based on the following features: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Temporal musculature extending onto frontal</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Lateral overlap of quadratojugal onto jugal</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Elongate posterior cervicals</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPk3x3MDbip7j3Vwi2WyIA8Wkax6cRYphwCF5Ecybeq938GxieoNL4i_1Pbatrh0lhoCSRXuRImbO-_grpGJ6ShJJXpNXTtvm8BY71oQ8DsX50BGUTKcs-MKjRzAq6MAdiJe18ySlyFR5E/s1600/cervicalvert.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPk3x3MDbip7j3Vwi2WyIA8Wkax6cRYphwCF5Ecybeq938GxieoNL4i_1Pbatrh0lhoCSRXuRImbO-_grpGJ6ShJJXpNXTtvm8BY71oQ8DsX50BGUTKcs-MKjRzAq6MAdiJe18ySlyFR5E/s1600/cervicalvert.jpg" height="106" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Postzygapophyses set lateral to prezygapophyses</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOwJxCShyDRFj0ogXCKLQej3wpltC3S_vV_TcCLF9CQFsYqaW3A7XHGJgAsaebNFGFzfjotff1XsGjragVRABHqoYXGa_4tnRBOs-82NfWf_kAFFOjkoTiyeDWWcdiRqcjNpNgJ-OXdDit/s1600/zygapophyses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOwJxCShyDRFj0ogXCKLQej3wpltC3S_vV_TcCLF9CQFsYqaW3A7XHGJgAsaebNFGFzfjotff1XsGjragVRABHqoYXGa_4tnRBOs-82NfWf_kAFFOjkoTiyeDWWcdiRqcjNpNgJ-OXdDit/s1600/zygapophyses.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Epipophyses present on postzygapophyses of anterior cervical
vertebrae</span></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkxy9BlaE-BFiZEDh7TzDmb_Xa4ttayftau7xZ4zY7lLpacKnqNXiE1gFQTDb6iObtMhB9EJupYrUqgUI7FNFRriJk3y1DtB4WRdFTGOe-0ve3a3oK8CjsdQGXAZ5K0GYaxsFjZDBNsvv/s1600/epipophyses2001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkxy9BlaE-BFiZEDh7TzDmb_Xa4ttayftau7xZ4zY7lLpacKnqNXiE1gFQTDb6iObtMhB9EJupYrUqgUI7FNFRriJk3y1DtB4WRdFTGOe-0ve3a3oK8CjsdQGXAZ5K0GYaxsFjZDBNsvv/s1600/epipophyses2001.jpg" height="320" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cervical vertebrae (epi = epipophyses, poz = postzygapophyses, prz = prezygapophyses; <a href="http://pterosaurheresies.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/epipophyses2001.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Presence of accessory intervertebral articulation on dorsal/trunk
vertebrae</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">7) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Manus more than 45% length of humerus and radius combined</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7i8OFINNs3snqkONWpv7Yv7urweCovaYt1fABEcw0T76u7tTW6xGcSNEdx_7CmjguJqwG4SB78Q3it7pVMVIv9ExcuOhA1nOA3Agrea20A22oStFJxdqorSzVF6WjOg7533mOnsHoh_lZ/s1600/manus+45+percent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7i8OFINNs3snqkONWpv7Yv7urweCovaYt1fABEcw0T76u7tTW6xGcSNEdx_7CmjguJqwG4SB78Q3it7pVMVIv9ExcuOhA1nOA3Agrea20A22oStFJxdqorSzVF6WjOg7533mOnsHoh_lZ/s1600/manus+45+percent.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">8) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3-pronged pelvic girdle with pubis projecting anteriorly and
ventrally</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY-mBOeWl792pDJNWAWnpm00DAzGvEYVnpO_KIBOm1zqOHxjReeDeKByFR1bgPI_zoCDWqQucMW-J4QsC1TodPhbI9Y4ZnGuchnLW_czgjrE3v6MQVCv0w9mdkxs82EWTv6_u10jiRRS3i/s1600/saurischia+girdle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY-mBOeWl792pDJNWAWnpm00DAzGvEYVnpO_KIBOm1zqOHxjReeDeKByFR1bgPI_zoCDWqQucMW-J4QsC1TodPhbI9Y4ZnGuchnLW_czgjrE3v6MQVCv0w9mdkxs82EWTv6_u10jiRRS3i/s1600/saurischia+girdle.jpg" height="113" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The <b>Ornithischia are referred to as the “bird-hipped
dinosaurs”</b> because the pubis of members of this group extends posteriorly and
is in contact with the ischium. <span style="color: black;">Examples of Ornithischian
dinosaurs we saw at the museum are: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Triceratops
horridis, Corythosaurus, Parasaurolophus,</i> and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Edmontosaurus. </i></span> </span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The defining features of <b>Ornithischia</b> include:</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1) </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rostral tip of premaxilla toothless and roughened</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis6JoRRdPjnjA33tgp40VpoyDHfaAI_GW4_mGOJ46PPnq0ok0KzOuTn6R2KVku_En0mEwDjdDqFdNIsO4ZigCKnWxFM6IONeziGeusFEJf_PkS7WERubQDyt36M5A9yUgOm3sS7kr4siDi/s1600/DSCN1101.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis6JoRRdPjnjA33tgp40VpoyDHfaAI_GW4_mGOJ46PPnq0ok0KzOuTn6R2KVku_En0mEwDjdDqFdNIsO4ZigCKnWxFM6IONeziGeusFEJf_PkS7WERubQDyt36M5A9yUgOm3sS7kr4siDi/s1600/DSCN1101.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Horizontal
and broadly arched palatal process of premaxilla</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maxilla
excluded from the margin of the external naris by a large lateral process of
the premaxilla which meets the nasal</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reduced
antorbital fenestra</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTehsiAGPwibtCGNtT2C0nC-QcuJNZwTb0xfHhHosUEzFecY-v7d2yjkQxDsQjd5WvX3Km0NDrKR9toO_vgT7A5f17B3FIX1feu8hyEuSnX6cPCLzuRnRttQHBJnFDUAWLEGZ6mTa-E4l/s1600/antorbital+fenestra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTehsiAGPwibtCGNtT2C0nC-QcuJNZwTb0xfHhHosUEzFecY-v7d2yjkQxDsQjd5WvX3Km0NDrKR9toO_vgT7A5f17B3FIX1feu8hyEuSnX6cPCLzuRnRttQHBJnFDUAWLEGZ6mTa-E4l/s1600/antorbital+fenestra.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the reduced antorbital fenestra, the orientation of the antorbital fenestra relative to the maxillary tooth row, and the palpebral in the orbit (indicated by the arrow).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ventral
margin of the antorbital fenestra that parallels the maxillary tooth row</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Palpebral
in the orbit</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prefrontal
with a long caudal ramus that overlaps the frontal</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Subrectangular
quadratojugal lying behind the infratemporal fenestra</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elongate,
massive quadrate</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qH6jHqHmd9GiCec95OuOmmXdeSZuqeNyakA8aVesS4vIyhQJ7cmCWPMdclUbgdFXza0nNnqkoGLle7INdEUZDaRQ9WaI9pOCGZneXaAjfJR0rmBBEF-dfYTPVGH3fE_inZjxiH8xl4TG/s1600/quadrate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qH6jHqHmd9GiCec95OuOmmXdeSZuqeNyakA8aVesS4vIyhQJ7cmCWPMdclUbgdFXza0nNnqkoGLle7INdEUZDaRQ9WaI9pOCGZneXaAjfJR0rmBBEF-dfYTPVGH3fE_inZjxiH8xl4TG/s1600/quadrate.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This specimen of <i>Corythosaurus</i> shows the diapsid skull condition and a reduced antorbital fenestra. Note the elongated quadrate (articulates with the lower jaw; indicated by the arrow), the "rough" pre-dentary bone in front of the mandible, and the mandibular condyle that is inferior to the tooth row.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pre-dentary
bone at the front of the mandible</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dorsal
border of the coronoid eminence formed by the dentary</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mandibular
condyle set below the tooth row</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Buccal
emargination of both upper and lower jaws, suggesting the possession of cheeks</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Check
teeth with low triangular crowns with a well-developed cingulum beneath</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBlO-ZowQMFEvLGlozjgvC8JwirnHF9E6CXSmq-LlQQ_Fgg59E5YYrszuo6fVd4Wc3KhJ2bhYTT6WgGwhxeYJmrDgmr31OIcUTtOgADDV_5i7t6desQKygxutQlv9FtJRtjcoAkkT1tsN/s1600/cingulum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBlO-ZowQMFEvLGlozjgvC8JwirnHF9E6CXSmq-LlQQ_Fgg59E5YYrszuo6fVd4Wc3KhJ2bhYTT6WgGwhxeYJmrDgmr31OIcUTtOgADDV_5i7t6desQKygxutQlv9FtJRtjcoAkkT1tsN/s1600/cingulum.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://www.pensoft.net/J_FILES/1/articles/2840/export.php_files/ZooKeys-226-001-g010.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Crowns
of check teeth with low and bulbous base</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adjacent
crowns of both maxillary and dentary teeth overlapping</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Recurvature
absent in maxillary and dentary teeth</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4LJE5KAvpMKIuNuaMpmH7wDB2cfPCBqMM_T3xRjHclhvrZx_BFHQkNAjekvTi-Zjsfwt6UGzwGjUUWNDp_v7l_My_YcizdDIgRLc1hsoyPklEh4EdBOY3P4Q634F7UXxVKsn3tZE6Z98/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4LJE5KAvpMKIuNuaMpmH7wDB2cfPCBqMM_T3xRjHclhvrZx_BFHQkNAjekvTi-Zjsfwt6UGzwGjUUWNDp_v7l_My_YcizdDIgRLc1hsoyPklEh4EdBOY3P4Q634F7UXxVKsn3tZE6Z98/s1600/Capture.JPG" height="320" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the representative teeth of a species belonging to Ornithischia (H; <a href="http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/nm/Heckert2004-chinle-microverts-p21.pdf" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maximum
tooth size near the middle of the maxillary and dentary tooth rows</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At
least 5 sacral vertebrae </span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gastralia
absent</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsjsTU-TM5eBkswbro1ZscG0VnP5XJjedTx7zR3QDcJHzE7rSTwvFuyn5OxBgRH8bnHhCUpkh32tFNkf-1bOjJZJVqCQkeRlgEEdpyPLz6D9d-FQw9rBX1138Csm_ZruD-6ES5U_o03Hey/s1600/DSCN1104.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsjsTU-TM5eBkswbro1ZscG0VnP5XJjedTx7zR3QDcJHzE7rSTwvFuyn5OxBgRH8bnHhCUpkh32tFNkf-1bOjJZJVqCQkeRlgEEdpyPLz6D9d-FQw9rBX1138Csm_ZruD-6ES5U_o03Hey/s1600/DSCN1104.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">21) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ossified
tendons at least above the sacral region</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">22) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Opisthopubic
pelvis; pubis with small prepubic process (on some specimens, this process was
quite large)</span></b><br />
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnmPm-RWhUilL1rvbJmVf4a-88sONQmL7N61H-N9MFk8gBGjbFpcn9Oml4MvG-dXlj7iLYiN0hTsW_UrZyf9pN3Q_9dBJs0c_cFas1M51YjQ-FYKZVEFE_FfCL63oXqkxKaRkkyyZqabB/s1600/ornith+girdle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnmPm-RWhUilL1rvbJmVf4a-88sONQmL7N61H-N9MFk8gBGjbFpcn9Oml4MvG-dXlj7iLYiN0hTsW_UrZyf9pN3Q_9dBJs0c_cFas1M51YjQ-FYKZVEFE_FfCL63oXqkxKaRkkyyZqabB/s1600/ornith+girdle.jpg" height="96" width="320" /></a></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">23) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilium
with lateral swelling of the ischial tuberosity</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">24) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iliac
blade with a long and thin preacetabular process and a deep caudal process</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pubis
with an oburator notch, rather than a foreamen; obutator foramen formed between
the pubis and ischium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">26) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Distal
pubic and ischial symphyses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">27) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pubic
symphysis restricted to its dorsal end</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">28) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ischial
symphysis to its distal end</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">29) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendant
fourth trochanter on the femur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">30) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finger-like
lesser trochanter on the femur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">31) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Digit
V of the foot reduced to a small metatarsal with no phalanges</span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_56iV8JRSq9x567SYajsDMObOhVxk5aPobW1BS2InjXtpboC7shSQQkaL5Y86P30kxrzBZc-xuUZPMryDUaUb_mJXEX_zOc-NRBfNW9eGU4l8qTwq8e-gGHzuA0LBFEtO4-fc0VNLWNoR/s1600/metatarsal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_56iV8JRSq9x567SYajsDMObOhVxk5aPobW1BS2InjXtpboC7shSQQkaL5Y86P30kxrzBZc-xuUZPMryDUaUb_mJXEX_zOc-NRBfNW9eGU4l8qTwq8e-gGHzuA0LBFEtO4-fc0VNLWNoR/s1600/metatarsal.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">32) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pubis
typically directed posteriorly</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #CCCCCC; margin-left: .5in; mso-pattern: gray-20 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPS3oaYvioaxPGn6AqYt3B-L7dP3Mvk0F_5ZvO5FBDCBn3gWzBi0VwWksFRzLNaa7DoO_9ET3_Cn8uc4FprNJ4IcLrDGMs8HVi8PAVeq4SP8kcwnoFeHvLTr1BvuDgaiNJ7IcHISCZXyHD/s1600/Nannotyrannus+vs.+Baby+Tyrannosaur+rex.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPS3oaYvioaxPGn6AqYt3B-L7dP3Mvk0F_5ZvO5FBDCBn3gWzBi0VwWksFRzLNaa7DoO_9ET3_Cn8uc4FprNJ4IcLrDGMs8HVi8PAVeq4SP8kcwnoFeHvLTr1BvuDgaiNJ7IcHISCZXyHD/s1600/Nannotyrannus+vs.+Baby+Tyrannosaur+rex.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Baby <i>T. rex</i> or <i>Nannotyrannus</i>? The debate rages on.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
first specimen examined was a fossil of a dinosaur that is the subject of a great debate. The
question is whether this specimen is a young <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tyrannosaurus rex</i> or an adult <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nannotyrannus. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Although we were unable to reach a consensus based on the scant clues available to differentiate the taxa, the specimen</span> is definitely a
member of Saurischia. The skeleton exhibited a pubis that projected anterioventrally
and the manus exceeded 45% the length of the humerus and radius combined. </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZo0XQFK4ASc87fEAwXf4GgTaZGbBsf6hwUCCPAbtUPByEsuwxBaytE7eF1_7oLjUQalR_G3VXWypqf73uFNm1H5J-hkwn0C_I7HfYXdHdZNn-u6T__no2X5AUVWQtmv3jX-iqNZRA4f3q/s1600/mammals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZo0XQFK4ASc87fEAwXf4GgTaZGbBsf6hwUCCPAbtUPByEsuwxBaytE7eF1_7oLjUQalR_G3VXWypqf73uFNm1H5J-hkwn0C_I7HfYXdHdZNn-u6T__no2X5AUVWQtmv3jX-iqNZRA4f3q/s1600/mammals.jpg" height="150" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mammals belong to Synapsida, a group of amniotes with a singular lower temporal fenestra (subtemporal fenestra)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There were a few mammalian skeletons on display that
exhibited the <b>synapsid skull condition, which is a single, subtemporal fenestra</b>.
There were also distinct differences between the pelvic girdles of early
mammals and early reptiles, indicating that these groups likely had vastly different styles of locomotion. <b>Synapsida falls within Amniota and gave rise to
modern mammals</b>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz9fdHNOGY38_KRfBwqQyPzY9Szy0aWohUq9DFZETVydmbgL9XJJ3dp4mZCl5Qqgj0iw_n94sdoGekNsB6h-b-IyefOGLowfeF_XC_aUg652bAbght9WTqFqmXK_ddPDnPVN_GartV33S/s1600/bird+hip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz9fdHNOGY38_KRfBwqQyPzY9Szy0aWohUq9DFZETVydmbgL9XJJ3dp4mZCl5Qqgj0iw_n94sdoGekNsB6h-b-IyefOGLowfeF_XC_aUg652bAbght9WTqFqmXK_ddPDnPVN_GartV33S/s1600/bird+hip.jpg" height="142" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diatryma</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
a powerful avian predator, displayed the typical bird pelvic condition. Although<b>
Aves belongs to Saurischia</b>, the pelvis appears similar to members of
Ornithischia, as the pubis is displaced posteriorly. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8huAp7U-tqs-FlY_qE2XtUJp6slV5z6vehGHMw29wLBQIgAZNOoZF39u9KQkq9iyjt3M-RqWYY27dcqGfjl2E5oEXyR3xL2Mj5ep5g8EkDTuX-R0pkIVbOhf7Us1oFqbU9A-Dt6aezYF/s1600/inturned+head+of+femur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8huAp7U-tqs-FlY_qE2XtUJp6slV5z6vehGHMw29wLBQIgAZNOoZF39u9KQkq9iyjt3M-RqWYY27dcqGfjl2E5oEXyR3xL2Mj5ep5g8EkDTuX-R0pkIVbOhf7Us1oFqbU9A-Dt6aezYF/s1600/inturned+head+of+femur.jpg" height="180" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All of these photos highlight the inturned head of the femur. The center photo shows the pelvic girdle of a <i>T. Rex</i> and the photo on the right is an <i>H. delfsi</i> specimen.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
limbs and girdles of the large saurapod, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haplocanthosaurus
delfsi, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> T. Rex </i>revealed a unique feature shared among dinosaurs, but different from
other amniotes alive during the Mesozoic (for example, the members of Synapsida that gave rise to modern mammals).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is obvious that a dinosaur’s limbs hold the body well above the
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwYjoD8dtp0xBvg9uJr3fYGrdqJLzgD4YyXQC5mZsfoIBTlbavaVJnTreFVYd2Ar-nh75t5YmLK_XuWg5_SpD_RDMzsjZvCkyng2HIQICsArNc5Wl50KnidSb-eoqRhI42RF6IVFO06DeT/s1600/coleophysis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwYjoD8dtp0xBvg9uJr3fYGrdqJLzgD4YyXQC5mZsfoIBTlbavaVJnTreFVYd2Ar-nh75t5YmLK_XuWg5_SpD_RDMzsjZvCkyng2HIQICsArNc5Wl50KnidSb-eoqRhI42RF6IVFO06DeT/s1600/coleophysis.jpg" height="120" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coelophysis exhibits the diapsid skull condition and a prominent antorbital fenestra.</td></tr>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coelophysis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> was an interesting dinosaur on
display. When trying to classify the specimen into either Saurischia or
Ornithischia, the pelvic girdle could offer no definitive answer. However, it
was clear that this animal did possess a classic diaspsid skull and an
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDEgdRop_zjoZ-esiVX0T_ZkoztRD2sGJFOgzFuaKvdvWsjoLLaEZWaOPvjaCWTfFejTvpCYH7eBAgy4KbV6any7hhlEbdJZYF9e_0BFkRW9axEOBV8MwGyJvP5Db-rMS7ajWKbEi0qVk/s1600/ichthyosaur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDEgdRop_zjoZ-esiVX0T_ZkoztRD2sGJFOgzFuaKvdvWsjoLLaEZWaOPvjaCWTfFejTvpCYH7eBAgy4KbV6any7hhlEbdJZYF9e_0BFkRW9axEOBV8MwGyJvP5Db-rMS7ajWKbEi0qVk/s1600/ichthyosaur.jpg" height="187" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Representatives of Ichthyosauria. The top photo shows a fossilized icthyosaurian birth! (<a href="http://www.finalfrontier.org.uk/images/creation/22_02.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8G_Tywhx3c9WWT7QNWRikUgxp1QEVgFB_JUCJKWZEsN46NYeuubbWx7hshANOnb4Ub0N9PTZN11f8Em7Oe5IVhzBSn-dgITJz3MR7mfhU2i5orbX5ky7OAvq66AGt0rzU-6gTqXP6dn-H/s1600/phytosaurs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8G_Tywhx3c9WWT7QNWRikUgxp1QEVgFB_JUCJKWZEsN46NYeuubbWx7hshANOnb4Ub0N9PTZN11f8Em7Oe5IVhzBSn-dgITJz3MR7mfhU2i5orbX5ky7OAvq66AGt0rzU-6gTqXP6dn-H/s1600/phytosaurs.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Phytosaur fossils showing the diapsid skull condition</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The museum also had a variety of non-dinosaur fossils on
display, including the early eurapsids <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ichthyosaurus
</i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stenopterygius</i>, as well as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phytosaurus</i>, an early reptile that
appears morphologically similar to the Crocodylotarsi. <b>Euryapsid reptiles have
a single supratemporal fenestra</b> in their skull. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ichythosaurus</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stenopterygius</i>
exemplify the fusiform marine predators that comprise <b>Ichthyosauria, the
“fish-like reptile” group</b>. The fossils of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phytosaurus</i>
exhibited the <b>diapsid skull condition, in which a skull has both subtemporal
and supratemporal fenestrae</b>. </span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifRxmaCCZNmHRiqZ8BRGKTrfEHB6eTfVMXwGO9TTvRRGcZFPmU_EalXKxZ0_fjR6HXc7gFeT2BqhUnExMkJiCAtrbIGxQvgrfnsQIm3FRYHDDNP8wfyvQN0zJh7LWv3D9EVgqNRyvyClj3/s1600/synapsid.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifRxmaCCZNmHRiqZ8BRGKTrfEHB6eTfVMXwGO9TTvRRGcZFPmU_EalXKxZ0_fjR6HXc7gFeT2BqhUnExMkJiCAtrbIGxQvgrfnsQIm3FRYHDDNP8wfyvQN0zJh7LWv3D9EVgqNRyvyClj3/s1600/synapsid.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the subtemporal fenestra inferior to the orbit</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dimetrodon limbatus </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">was not a dyapsid reptile, but an
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> T</span>he tuatara (<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Sphenodon punctatus)</span></i></span> is a member of <b>Spenodontida</b>, a group
in which there is thought to be only two extant species (depending on who you
ask). The tuatara exhibits a </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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diapsid skull, copulates via “cloacal kissing,” has two pairs of conchae (olfactory structures), and a
chisel-like beak. This species is thought to only inhabit parts of New Zealand.
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-48733143230710299792014-02-13T19:33:00.001-05:002014-02-13T19:37:45.127-05:00CMNH: Dinosauria & Other Extinct Clades<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dinosaurs arose and diversified in the Mesozoic era (220-65
million years ago). Currently over 1000
species have been named and are very morphologically/anatomically diverse. Dinosaurs belong to the clade Dinosauria
which is within the clade Archosauromorpha.
Within Archosauromorpha, dinosaurs belong to the clade <b>Ornithodira </b>which
would eventually become modern birds and is known to feature the following characteristics
(among others):</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Supra-acetabular crest<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (Fig. 1)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Enlarged 4th trochanter <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 2)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Antorbital fenestra <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 3)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Digitigrade stance <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 4)</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpP8uyIwT3g0IVynVSEfs125lr0uLAuIETZbQP_as1mOpTZ8_8g4bkZZupUj7DuyUOmAAbkRU_VH_l7feqkUDvIVHGvpSyM7QhfkWCV4rDYPTOhokKBloMeV7sQfOaAC5eSxXSqYre7oZr/s1600/Supra-acetebular+crest%252C+acetebulum+completely+or+mostly+open+for+the+head+of+the+femur.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpP8uyIwT3g0IVynVSEfs125lr0uLAuIETZbQP_as1mOpTZ8_8g4bkZZupUj7DuyUOmAAbkRU_VH_l7feqkUDvIVHGvpSyM7QhfkWCV4rDYPTOhokKBloMeV7sQfOaAC5eSxXSqYre7oZr/s1600/Supra-acetebular+crest%252C+acetebulum+completely+or+mostly+open+for+the+head+of+the+femur.png" height="320" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig. 1.
Supra-acetebular crest outlined with arrow pointing to the acetabulum
which is mostly open for the head of the femur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQyYK2vC0rH-Ey8vGXmT3jJ-cccuKFZBQE5KId1MUdA4gyEmRjkjAHzn90h5nrCbaONQXK5Pc4xoWDuZ5LyvRHgw7PralZ2-2WzTCZcTGSMQcz8J7qi5PwvjgFu2Qkv3BRP5m0KdS3vxjb/s1600/Enlarged+4th+trochanter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQyYK2vC0rH-Ey8vGXmT3jJ-cccuKFZBQE5KId1MUdA4gyEmRjkjAHzn90h5nrCbaONQXK5Pc4xoWDuZ5LyvRHgw7PralZ2-2WzTCZcTGSMQcz8J7qi5PwvjgFu2Qkv3BRP5m0KdS3vxjb/s1600/Enlarged+4th+trochanter.png" height="355" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig. 2. The enlarged
fourth trochanter of the femur (outlined in red), which appears pendant like in
this ornithichian dinosaur, <i>Edmontosaurus
sp.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRGjC5bMzWXKbCmQexcjobdi-i-sIv8pgRhffw5UGPz-l_8_nDSOJO7aaLuQF4S8aZX2y6636-CpX5H-Na4W6Mseol2IGwND9Kl7wQpb8Wom7S0btsGgMAPA39AVT7_g0UOOGLXx32VH3/s1600/Antorbital+fenestra.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRGjC5bMzWXKbCmQexcjobdi-i-sIv8pgRhffw5UGPz-l_8_nDSOJO7aaLuQF4S8aZX2y6636-CpX5H-Na4W6Mseol2IGwND9Kl7wQpb8Wom7S0btsGgMAPA39AVT7_g0UOOGLXx32VH3/s1600/Antorbital+fenestra.png" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig.
3. Antorbital fenestra of saurichian
dinosaur.</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh75yFFV7Rphdad_8Pw7mq17d3DOjpPvPhseqGqLhZERn7rAL5A2P1jyEP-Yg2D6psrOcdiRLwhuKBFWQLyRivDFoHKzpFx156w4u775iEgoNcQtYPiOJ_02_dkvhA_mFB4RoTHXLKoqOAv/s1600/Digitigrade+stance.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh75yFFV7Rphdad_8Pw7mq17d3DOjpPvPhseqGqLhZERn7rAL5A2P1jyEP-Yg2D6psrOcdiRLwhuKBFWQLyRivDFoHKzpFx156w4u775iEgoNcQtYPiOJ_02_dkvhA_mFB4RoTHXLKoqOAv/s1600/Digitigrade+stance.png" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig. 4. This saurichian dinosaur (<i>Coelophysis</i>) displays the typical digitigrade stance of standing on the tips of the toes.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Dinosauria </b>is currently believed to be a monophyletic clade
based on the following characters (among others):</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRABdSnQq2adnPNbA4oNgvo21FrKihdRwqkaVqxxGXYV9oXSdc52J-p0XjoMa83GCx4Nlr4XJJ-KOCk9MhfSh8lbd1uXgiaa8Lt4kadshYCb0Tlfi_YzL-uk3OXWzcIue0ODRrsvyeuEyM/s1600/cladogram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRABdSnQq2adnPNbA4oNgvo21FrKihdRwqkaVqxxGXYV9oXSdc52J-p0XjoMa83GCx4Nlr4XJJ-KOCk9MhfSh8lbd1uXgiaa8Lt4kadshYCb0Tlfi_YzL-uk3OXWzcIue0ODRrsvyeuEyM/s1600/cladogram.jpg" height="281" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fig. 5. A cladogram showing the relationship between onithischian and saurischian dinosaur clades. </span></td></tr>
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<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elongate vomers that
reach caudally to at least the level of the antorbital fenestra</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Three or more sacral vertebrae</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Scapulocoraoical glenoid fossa facing posteriorly <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 6)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Low deltopectoral crest that runs one-third or half the length of
the shaft of the humerus</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Three or fewer phalanges on Digit IV of the manus</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Acetabulum completely or mostly open for the head of the femur <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 1)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Femur with a head and neck that is distinct from shaft</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Greatly reduced fibula <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 7)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Well-developed ascending process of astragalus (a bone
of the ankle)</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcVAuoqGY-SfWMPwciCL-EG7t_sXWPaNuJsDxMOwyCLUM4vFvvYwMlGkq2N8YFEKdddwyR3Uto3nM-GqmemoizduOziqOgYULndmcV1SkznyhM04K6bXtOPXPjZslGhQD-03m5KaWkR4Js/s1600/glenoid+fossa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcVAuoqGY-SfWMPwciCL-EG7t_sXWPaNuJsDxMOwyCLUM4vFvvYwMlGkq2N8YFEKdddwyR3Uto3nM-GqmemoizduOziqOgYULndmcV1SkznyhM04K6bXtOPXPjZslGhQD-03m5KaWkR4Js/s1600/glenoid+fossa.jpg" height="233" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Fig. 6. The posteriorly facing glenoid fosa of saurischian dinosaurs (shown in <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i>, left, and <i>Nannotyrannus </i>sp., right)<br /><br />**There is debate about whether the skeleton on the right, named Jane, is of a juvenile <i>T</i>. <i>rex </i>or of a separate genus, <i>Nannotyrannus</i>. If you are interested in reading more about this debate, visit: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4524012" target="_blank">Craniofacial Ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)</a> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__QuEDbbxdyfuP5l4dX2IkeVQUxumh_af5IxtzGH3el6sQyNPVixIF1am5VGvD79pCfP-M_6-XLuha9VwJpfT5CUbQbBtJaZkzVx6mzzozLI8sOVJNfQjPsNQenbJ5-CYf6IUrvxDB7Y7/s1600/Digit+V+reduced%252C+fibula+reduced.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__QuEDbbxdyfuP5l4dX2IkeVQUxumh_af5IxtzGH3el6sQyNPVixIF1am5VGvD79pCfP-M_6-XLuha9VwJpfT5CUbQbBtJaZkzVx6mzzozLI8sOVJNfQjPsNQenbJ5-CYf6IUrvxDB7Y7/s1600/Digit+V+reduced%252C+fibula+reduced.png" height="400" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Fig. 7. Two
characteristics of ornithiscian dinosaurs (shown in <i>Triceratops horridis</i>): a
greatly reduced fibula (indicated by a red arrow) and a greatly reduced Digit V
of the pes which also lacks phalanges (circled in red).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Within
Dinosauria, there are two clades of non-avian dinosaurs which are
differentiated on the basis of their pelvic girdle: </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> 1. Saurischia, or "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs, </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">have a pubis that extends anteriorly and an ischium that extends posteriorly. It is from this clade that mo</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">dern birds are descendents.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_tJ53Ex5PI67yXy4gxRUvgCWCAPdl3ImNC3vkgk33Sl9ZiWYvo-9h4pCXDy2PgHgBNQkblTY_6hcka7e8Q8YPnLREjNo6gj61-fcZ0DSjRJOVgYMme8CFIa1B0dr-Woh38t9HKPRSbsc/s1600/Lizard+Pelvis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_tJ53Ex5PI67yXy4gxRUvgCWCAPdl3ImNC3vkgk33Sl9ZiWYvo-9h4pCXDy2PgHgBNQkblTY_6hcka7e8Q8YPnLREjNo6gj61-fcZ0DSjRJOVgYMme8CFIa1B0dr-Woh38t9HKPRSbsc/s1600/Lizard+Pelvis.jpg" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 8</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> 2. Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped" dinosaurs, have a pubis that extends posteriorly parallel to the ischium. </span></div>
<div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWSXk4aVWUnWootT376k0uggmyMz9rt2SUTq2hiLk-TDr_TGVDxuP6iaCSyFDQHdjzKIUhXCGYxp7uZVqJ1yGjozoZZvv2PrAcJWMvlAsZJDG5F8bqHeyTuuIZ0LepO7RVBpxuk1fkIRb/s1600/Bird+Pelvis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWSXk4aVWUnWootT376k0uggmyMz9rt2SUTq2hiLk-TDr_TGVDxuP6iaCSyFDQHdjzKIUhXCGYxp7uZVqJ1yGjozoZZvv2PrAcJWMvlAsZJDG5F8bqHeyTuuIZ0LepO7RVBpxuk1fkIRb/s1600/Bird+Pelvis.jpg" height="236" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 9</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some other characteristics of <b>Saurichians </b>(among others) are listed below:</span></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Temporal musculature
extending onto frontal</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lateral overlap of quadratojugal onto jugal</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elongate posterior cervical vertebrae</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Postzygapophyses set lateral to prezygapophyses</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Epipophyses present on postzygapophyses of anterior cervical
vertebrae</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Presence of accessory intervertebral articulation on dorsal/trunk
vertebrae</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Manus more than 45% length of humerus and radius combined <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 10)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffe599; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3-pronged pelvic girdle with pubis projecting anteriorly and
ventrally <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 8)</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxnRjv2dT7abXdSkmqkdHP0ZOGW1pwRNoePxlwa6DXxmAO5ob3fZ-P7mQUhyphenhyphen-608qvrPSDuKdRfthOtWIclRGzZGA2qLrISi3rbP9y0Zj2LCjNyEs4uV3lzwC8FOfhUveGkYFyWENOsm4m/s1600/Manus+more+than+45%2525+of+the+humerus+and+radius.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxnRjv2dT7abXdSkmqkdHP0ZOGW1pwRNoePxlwa6DXxmAO5ob3fZ-P7mQUhyphenhyphen-608qvrPSDuKdRfthOtWIclRGzZGA2qLrISi3rbP9y0Zj2LCjNyEs4uV3lzwC8FOfhUveGkYFyWENOsm4m/s1600/Manus+more+than+45%2525+of+the+humerus+and+radius.png" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fig. 10. The humerus (A), radius (B) and manus (C) of a saurichian dinosaur (<i>Allosaurus fragilis</i>). Note how the manus is about half the length
of the humerus and radius combined.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Some other c</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">haracteristics of <b>Ornithischians
</b>(among others) include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -18px;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -13.5pt;">Rostral tip of premaxilla toothless and roughened <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 11)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Horizontal and
broadly arched palatal process of premaxilla</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Maxilla excluded
from the margin of the external naris by a large lateral process of the
premaxilla which meets the nasal</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Reduced antorbital fenestra</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-small;"> (Fig. 11)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Ventral margin of the antorbital
fenestra that parallels the maxillary tooth row <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 12)</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Palpebral in the
orbit</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prefrontal with
a long caudal ramus that overlaps the frontal</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Subrectangular
quadratojugal lying behind the infratemporal fenestra</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elongate,
massive quadrate <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 11)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pre-dentary bone
at the front of the mandible <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 11)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dorsal border
of the coronoid eminence formed by the dentary</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mandibular
condyle set below the tooth row<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (Fig. 13)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Buccal
emargination suggesting the possession of cheeks <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 11)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cheek teeth with
low triangular crowns with a well-developed cingulum beneath</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Crowns of check
teeth with low and bulbous base</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Adjacent crowns
of both maxillary and dentary teeth overlapping</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Recurvature
absent in maxillary and dentary teeth</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Maximum tooth
size near the middle of the maxillary and dentary tooth rows</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At least 5
sacral vertebrae</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gastralia absent</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ossified tendons
at least above the sacral region</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Opisthopubic
pelvis; pubis with small prepubic proces<span style="background-color: white;">s<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 9)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ilium with
lateral swelling of the ischial tuberosity</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Iliac blade with
a long and thin preacetabular process and a deep caudal process </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 9)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pubis with an
oburator notch, rather than a foreamen; obutator foramen formed between the
pubis and ischium</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Distal pubic and
ischial symphyses</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pubic symphysis
restricted to its dorsal end</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ischial symphysis restricted to its distal end</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pendant fourth
trochanter on the femur </span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Finger-like
lesser trochanter on the femur</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Digit V of the
foot reduced to a small metatarsal with no phalanges <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 7)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pubis typically directed
posteriorly <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Fig. 9)</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvx99TOlVCoJHqEw03clubUqj5Jju9RbPa6tHuimPNy7eqRVVIy-0995SIi6glOly1gXbjY32xPVgHpFMqQtIeapAiBWTToTl2vl4Gvr_RbQRDFtKtXXp23dFnAMZTb3DjUNKVnS3w5SIi/s1600/Ornithischian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvx99TOlVCoJHqEw03clubUqj5Jju9RbPa6tHuimPNy7eqRVVIy-0995SIi6glOly1gXbjY32xPVgHpFMqQtIeapAiBWTToTl2vl4Gvr_RbQRDFtKtXXp23dFnAMZTb3DjUNKVnS3w5SIi/s1600/Ornithischian.jpg" height="327" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Fig. 11. Examples of Ornithiscian
Dinosaurs. A. <i>Parasaurolophus
</i>B. <i>Corythosaurus
</i>C. <i>Edmontosaurus </i>D. <i>Diabloceratops.
</i>All of these dinosaurs exhibit massive, elongate quadrate bones (red arrows),
reduced antorbital
fenestrae* (blue arrows), a predentary
bone anterior to the dentary (green
arrows), a toothless premaxilla
(visible at the front of the rostrum), & indications of cheeks (shown by
the yellow curves). * Note that the antorbital fenestra is not visible in <i>Corythosaurus </i>(B.) </span></div>
</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjysQj6uD2ds3Ef_fGn2bC91xcIlfyKho6XGWbgFtabYTxSP0pMdHRiAdEMchfst1GSLinnWx_-T8QShkMw3bMD0-clj_i_XTaJDXy0MQGTII68DAeOoNgxyjgkohWsNvf_krwQW17Oiq/s1600/antorbital+fenestra+parallel+to+the+maxillary+tooth+row.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjysQj6uD2ds3Ef_fGn2bC91xcIlfyKho6XGWbgFtabYTxSP0pMdHRiAdEMchfst1GSLinnWx_-T8QShkMw3bMD0-clj_i_XTaJDXy0MQGTII68DAeOoNgxyjgkohWsNvf_krwQW17Oiq/s1600/antorbital+fenestra+parallel+to+the+maxillary+tooth+row.png" height="357" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Fig. 12. The ventral
margin of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the maxillary tooth row in
this ornithischian dinosaur, <i>Parasaurolophus
sp</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJlUYMIpld-vZJWK2HymJM7sLR25ccnJtkgGssnlAS4JSynU1BQU9i2EvOKKNqx7r8e_q8f0dEW2fQbBYEEP0rDT3FakU6DZEswYPkPRzfR1q2uMH39CkgmpxcnbECBwJzbFkszSByQ_X/s1600/Mandibular+condyle+set+below+the+tooth+row.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJlUYMIpld-vZJWK2HymJM7sLR25ccnJtkgGssnlAS4JSynU1BQU9i2EvOKKNqx7r8e_q8f0dEW2fQbBYEEP0rDT3FakU6DZEswYPkPRzfR1q2uMH39CkgmpxcnbECBwJzbFkszSByQ_X/s1600/Mandibular+condyle+set+below+the+tooth+row.png" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Fig. 13. The
mandibular condyle (blue line) is below the tooth row (red line) of an
ornithischian dinosaur, <i>Triceratops
horridis</i>.</span></div>
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<div style="text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> In this lab we also examined examples of other clades within Tetrapoda, including Ichthyosaurs (Fig. 15), Synapsids (Fig.16 & 17), </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sphenodon </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Fig. 18),</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Crocodylians (Fig. 19), <i>Diatryma </i>(Fig. 20) & Pterosaurs (Fig. 21)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. All of these clades, and their relationships to one another and to Dinosaurs, can be seen in the cladogram below (Fig. 14). </span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAzhM1PyQh5Dqm1izrLDqVZOq9HBD4kmszkirjO357AusccH-OfMD0OYDjy2YJvCjgV14l4pzl_8W_-E-TdvwpCGZtQIgGQdkqFm5uNvLFXbS0E5ncVjd19zHnQUuhKpcJvLH_YWB4fec/s1600/Tetrapoda+cladogram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAzhM1PyQh5Dqm1izrLDqVZOq9HBD4kmszkirjO357AusccH-OfMD0OYDjy2YJvCjgV14l4pzl_8W_-E-TdvwpCGZtQIgGQdkqFm5uNvLFXbS0E5ncVjd19zHnQUuhKpcJvLH_YWB4fec/s1600/Tetrapoda+cladogram.jpg" height="251" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 14. A cladogram of Tetrapoda. </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhjE92Fdj6vNryJVfzPd0d5B-UPe35cTUPY5Z4sAsfNEB6m-3EO5uERBKSkp8kJfkBfbu13eohU8BqL_3nHT-eanEs05IzIAdY1n3hs4zWf4Rh719bXgyXJUaVgmWSNHiUNpNPBxfxLnEH/s1600/DSC_6054.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhjE92Fdj6vNryJVfzPd0d5B-UPe35cTUPY5Z4sAsfNEB6m-3EO5uERBKSkp8kJfkBfbu13eohU8BqL_3nHT-eanEs05IzIAdY1n3hs4zWf4Rh719bXgyXJUaVgmWSNHiUNpNPBxfxLnEH/s1600/DSC_6054.JPG" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Fig. 15. <i>Ichthyosaurus </i>(artists reconstruction of an Ichthyosaur) and <i>Stenopterigius </i>(fossil Pleisiosaur), both fish-like Euryapsid reptiles </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhep9Ln6w3I8v9J2p8U58QiqEaPisxLSP-IGiUN1kllwnPodwQ6PAOMZi5JYXulYPHGKs5zei6uNss7seO5PHEBuaaBRt2hvuK3LFK39IDqPfUmqVmyMqao0byKbtGG9PIp9ZEW68d-n58K/s1600/dimetrodon.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhep9Ln6w3I8v9J2p8U58QiqEaPisxLSP-IGiUN1kllwnPodwQ6PAOMZi5JYXulYPHGKs5zei6uNss7seO5PHEBuaaBRt2hvuK3LFK39IDqPfUmqVmyMqao0byKbtGG9PIp9ZEW68d-n58K/s1600/dimetrodon.JPG" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Fig. 16. <i>Dimetrodon limbatus</i>, an early synapsid. This organism has ONLY subtemporal fenestration.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIip-KmPNcBlCVmW5TsUZgNiMXPL5nXuqs6uPOu06xRvfIrYEgWYonE59wkmNwezCUFrKHauqTt1QuftNvaar5Pfw2zTvXIa_D2QqgbupJVw6sepWq_mjMUJ03zzUZ2mhkJ0o6FAcz0fiG/s1600/DSC_6036.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIip-KmPNcBlCVmW5TsUZgNiMXPL5nXuqs6uPOu06xRvfIrYEgWYonE59wkmNwezCUFrKHauqTt1QuftNvaar5Pfw2zTvXIa_D2QqgbupJVw6sepWq_mjMUJ03zzUZ2mhkJ0o6FAcz0fiG/s1600/DSC_6036.JPG" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 17. Three examples of early mammals, all of
which have synapsid skull fenestration. <br />(From left to right: Irish Elk,
Mastodon, & Saber-toothed cat)</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT8yqlqodJHQlH5TcOnYP2oUzXNSwpHekQwOPJfGgE72y7G9dJr-tMjf-Ek8m2KDeqQgpNKDklYGUgVktV31iYoVWuz9k0np6MYIvCl7sr5zwpXZ5fjFXn7XXXjdyBqecoH-fY9fwvUOTe/s1600/DSC_6069.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT8yqlqodJHQlH5TcOnYP2oUzXNSwpHekQwOPJfGgE72y7G9dJr-tMjf-Ek8m2KDeqQgpNKDklYGUgVktV31iYoVWuz9k0np6MYIvCl7sr5zwpXZ5fjFXn7XXXjdyBqecoH-fY9fwvUOTe/s1600/DSC_6069.JPG" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 18. The tuatara (</span><i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) is an extant
diapsid reptile, sister to Squamata in the clade Lepidosauromorpha. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWdUQ50LVRjG2dmE2mF_w42EnaqW9BjAj9GEUGf4zASmpJIFyS_Bj-GEMKN7bulMiNhF-EK6dLHSmIkor4AZHQQromdUGLFksuKoautdT0-EHJS0jWLP4E1BHNTuUAhtSe5TzHVUVHWW3P/s1600/Phytosaurus+%2528crocodylotarsi%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWdUQ50LVRjG2dmE2mF_w42EnaqW9BjAj9GEUGf4zASmpJIFyS_Bj-GEMKN7bulMiNhF-EK6dLHSmIkor4AZHQQromdUGLFksuKoautdT0-EHJS0jWLP4E1BHNTuUAhtSe5TzHVUVHWW3P/s1600/Phytosaurus+%2528crocodylotarsi%2529.JPG" height="400" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> Fig. 19.</span> <i>Phytosaurus </i>(a member of Crocodylotarsi) is a croc-like
diapsid reptile with antorbital fenestration and dorsally-positioned orbits and
nares.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWKV6fNm3-oZ1BTVWc0gRLJ1vRD4Kp8f9QN7Khzi4sHfm2ZFeJA9EAh_0zh4goLR11TO2U5hG0ZpQ09oadpzi_EXLOD2S4rMNupIqBtCBlbZrKkTQGyCZdBqlzHI_tuem7UtqWMCrQpRBV/s1600/DSC_6030.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWKV6fNm3-oZ1BTVWc0gRLJ1vRD4Kp8f9QN7Khzi4sHfm2ZFeJA9EAh_0zh4goLR11TO2U5hG0ZpQ09oadpzi_EXLOD2S4rMNupIqBtCBlbZrKkTQGyCZdBqlzHI_tuem7UtqWMCrQpRBV/s1600/DSC_6030.JPG" height="400" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 20. Diatryma is a large, extinct, predatory
bird that exhibits a typical bird-like pelvis with a posteriorly facing pubis.
This bird is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>NOT a relative of the
ornithischian dinosaurs, however, it is an ancestor to the modern Anseriformes
(ducks & geese). </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaVWoG5V9VVWCXwPw_9yc0oCqmoOpXVzPi6TUzZRCJbI_25rlFhuP81FK-3R6SBHquOVZZaIevVwxcoP6MZeahGXM38S0Vfgk8K9_5aZrBekXiYQai-zUxBrPLjvUgJ3yD1KslwvDRWmpd/s1600/DSC_6043.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaVWoG5V9VVWCXwPw_9yc0oCqmoOpXVzPi6TUzZRCJbI_25rlFhuP81FK-3R6SBHquOVZZaIevVwxcoP6MZeahGXM38S0Vfgk8K9_5aZrBekXiYQai-zUxBrPLjvUgJ3yD1KslwvDRWmpd/s1600/DSC_6043.JPG" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig. 21. Pterosaurs are an extinct group of winged ornithodirans, NOT dinosaurs.</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> --JT & KJ</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14171084882757362006noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-28052454000877284722014-02-06T17:47:00.001-05:002014-02-06T17:48:57.309-05:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>Lab 3 Crocodylians:</u></span> </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Aquatic Armored Ambush Predators</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2uqzHL1dxW4lhjAELt1zY2a3Y9QYRRnU4ZvaI8SETDgZmVFxI4nfKnSC9OU3gmYYJBlaLTbWxFw_4FLRgBHVU0y-2a_32q0r9HenI-YFvOkBfALgpcly2S8rdgF7ius-Jhaq2jlLIvWI/s1600/crocs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2uqzHL1dxW4lhjAELt1zY2a3Y9QYRRnU4ZvaI8SETDgZmVFxI4nfKnSC9OU3gmYYJBlaLTbWxFw_4FLRgBHVU0y-2a_32q0r9HenI-YFvOkBfALgpcly2S8rdgF7ius-Jhaq2jlLIvWI/s1600/crocs.jpg" height="107" width="200" /></a></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By: Meghan Kelley and Katie Sagarin</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
______________________________________________________________________<br />
<strong> </strong></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong>Introduction:</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Modern reptiles have origins in the Carboniferous period, and today can be divided into two major groups: Lepidosauria includes lizards, snakes, and tuataras, and Archosauria includes crocodiles, birds, and possibly turtles (Fig. 1). Order Crocodylia, within Archosauria, contains at least 25 extant species from three different families: Gavialidae, Alligatoridae, and Crocodylidae.<br />
<br />
Our lab was based on the diversity within the clade Crocodylia, focusing on general morphology, post-cranial anatomy, and cranial anatomy as a diagnostic framework for identifying the three main families within the Order Crocodylia, in addition to general diet and reproductive glands. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzy6GXpaIBhm9Pzxj6nwbxd2rsFVN3H2_2T2soh6t_cwK2cEsNhSNVjqJBwkHNmrJfzYDr4ekmUxE9iKWVXhsfNHqhYsxBZb-r0InbsxTo-uJIU3u2P8TWyeIA2013Ldo_wdHkpoKoZXw/s1600/amniota+phylogeny2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzy6GXpaIBhm9Pzxj6nwbxd2rsFVN3H2_2T2soh6t_cwK2cEsNhSNVjqJBwkHNmrJfzYDr4ekmUxE9iKWVXhsfNHqhYsxBZb-r0InbsxTo-uJIU3u2P8TWyeIA2013Ldo_wdHkpoKoZXw/s1600/amniota+phylogeny2.png" height="292" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="left">
<strong>Figure 1: Amniota phylogeny, including the Order Crocodylia (indicated by the red star), which is the sister taxon to birds, within Archosauria.</strong></div>
</td></tr>
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<strong>I. General Morphology:</strong><br />
</div>
First of all, some general characteristics of Crocodylians include: elongated snouts, thecodont teeth that are rooted to jaws (Fig. 2), laterally compressed tails, unfused osteoderms (Fig. 3), and a crocodile normal ankle (Fig. 4).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAC1egeCl2B4nLoD7zo2u3zX5ueWCs4dV19lp1upwIX6pQHAMERvPrTowgSzf8PPGQ_NIdwmHNekOqOsyybMGNhK9LE9xd5ENlcK0tf6XVvX2ddYarCmF11Cks1ENv3wTp1bUpR81o_MA/s1600/thecodont+teeth+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAC1egeCl2B4nLoD7zo2u3zX5ueWCs4dV19lp1upwIX6pQHAMERvPrTowgSzf8PPGQ_NIdwmHNekOqOsyybMGNhK9LE9xd5ENlcK0tf6XVvX2ddYarCmF11Cks1ENv3wTp1bUpR81o_MA/s1600/thecodont+teeth+6.jpg" height="252" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 2: Of the three basic tooth skeletal orientations, the thecodont tooth is comprised of a deep pocket surrounding the tooth root. The sharp, conical shape of the tooth enables a carnivorous diet.</strong></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ymGNK-0l2Q3qM0HuH0tjppm9X6DRf3V3EIovLYV8au40pAMy15L-3SH9wPaCxyOV3tIyS0k-KJ3-PT5DJz_QmBH-Z4YqHH5SrYaqBWz0HoC4YImSmmb40KE3mKdUP7FdTgkcWV1eCWo/s1600/lateral+tail+labelled.jpg" height="240" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 3: The crocodile skin is made up of sharp looking ridges that are supported by bony osteoderms beneath the surface, creating a sort of armor of protection.</strong></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXcpD0LdztB9AKI5b7Q86PajiaMz8ZUyWZA_1E6pRnaeRpM0j5ZARDMOaoRNzqwGz8ceK6a0elyWFitXZEtN8r5c5qq5U4mMmvHrL8lYNP2qcA6D2apEVwRtoK7fvwLpGkjgfjx7g92t8/s1600/crocodile+normal+ankle+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXcpD0LdztB9AKI5b7Q86PajiaMz8ZUyWZA_1E6pRnaeRpM0j5ZARDMOaoRNzqwGz8ceK6a0elyWFitXZEtN8r5c5qq5U4mMmvHrL8lYNP2qcA6D2apEVwRtoK7fvwLpGkjgfjx7g92t8/s1600/crocodile+normal+ankle+2.jpg" height="320" width="194" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 4: The crocodylians are the only extant group that have hind limb ankle orientation with an S-like articulation between the astragulus (ast) and the calcaneous (cal) bones. The calcaneous bone possesses a socket that encapsulates the knob of the astragulus, allowing for foot flexibility in holding the limb upright.</strong></td></tr>
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<strong></strong> </div>
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<strong>II. Post-Cranial Anatomy</strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Crocodiles have a few distinctive
characteristics in their post-cranial skeleton, one of which is ribs with two points of articulation to the vertebral column. "Two-headed" ribs is an ancestral condition of
tetrapods but is not found in other reptiles. The more anterior head within the rib is called the
capitulum, and the more posterior head is called the tuberculum. The position of the capitulum changes between the thoracic (upper trunk) and cervical (neck) vertebrae. There is a transitional point on the vertebrae in which the capitulum position changes from articulation with the transverse process (thoracic) to articulation with the centrum (cervical) (Fig. 5). </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-M2x6EAuD17-oDdtYM7beiL3Gy0zT5j7nelUoLjSimaaWXlP75JOmS-m-VYiDmVD-Xutn5KRVrlzl_BB7Ry46Sb3wSVT_Ud9QmSMoKUGn6-Vp2rVchRMGyFVwNzwhBqWdBcoGuWuxGdU/s1600/Vertebral+column+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-M2x6EAuD17-oDdtYM7beiL3Gy0zT5j7nelUoLjSimaaWXlP75JOmS-m-VYiDmVD-Xutn5KRVrlzl_BB7Ry46Sb3wSVT_Ud9QmSMoKUGn6-Vp2rVchRMGyFVwNzwhBqWdBcoGuWuxGdU/s1600/Vertebral+column+2.jpg" height="259" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 5: Crocodylia vertebral column, showing the transition between thoracic capitulum articulation with the transverse process of the ribs to the cervical capitulum articulation with the centrum of the spine. A=Thoracic Region; B=Capitulum split to centrum; C=Reduced ribs and continued centrum articulation. </strong></td></tr>
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The second
distinctive characteristic is the presence of a pubic process on the ischium of
the pelvic girdle (Fig. 6a &b).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisISdmMXqya9NPP2akKLRQWJODJmV4FkUm8ROdkWoKj36q0OCc6Jdg2flrVu8rHuGGKda9n5_TfxWIXv7yGUkmY_YTGXY2l_Hh31RofwAsZCtrLUZrHLqzXtBcOJbtowHuYYEC5HwPPoE/s1600/pelvic+girdle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisISdmMXqya9NPP2akKLRQWJODJmV4FkUm8ROdkWoKj36q0OCc6Jdg2flrVu8rHuGGKda9n5_TfxWIXv7yGUkmY_YTGXY2l_Hh31RofwAsZCtrLUZrHLqzXtBcOJbtowHuYYEC5HwPPoE/s1600/pelvic+girdle.jpg" height="252" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga7oAGIMBHSqDzTrSLFVlCnxT0Cc1M3cXh_jT5BoSSYdgDMH8qdzKBO51yp8iqxY1HkzmSA8Ivwvbn4sIJ-vPkCbj7LBgs-EYD9JXtY8hhq81OR5sz5pz2V4Hnl1bnjtt31b1zOIdeqNw/s1600/ischium3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga7oAGIMBHSqDzTrSLFVlCnxT0Cc1M3cXh_jT5BoSSYdgDMH8qdzKBO51yp8iqxY1HkzmSA8Ivwvbn4sIJ-vPkCbj7LBgs-EYD9JXtY8hhq81OR5sz5pz2V4Hnl1bnjtt31b1zOIdeqNw/s1600/ischium3.gif" height="281" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 6a (upper): Pelvic girdle on skeleton with hind limb connected in the acetabulum. (A=Acetabulum; B=Ilium; C= Ischium; D= Pubis). Fig 6b (lower)- View of interior side of pelvic girdle without limb (P= Pubis; Il.= Ilium; Is.= Ischium; a.f.= Acetabulum foramen). Both views are highlighting the pubic process, which is unique to crocodylians.</strong></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><strong>III. Diagnostic Cranial Anatomy</strong></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span><br />
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">Crocodylians are the only extant amniotes
aside from mammals to have a secondary palate. The secondary palate is formed
by processes of the palatine bones, which fuse to separate the mouth cavity from
the nasal passage. This allows passage of air directly from the nose to the lungs even when the mouth
is full of water (see internal nares on Fig. 7). </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3gZMVXAv4YDFgvpZwSpfC9E4v3jD6GSeSVlEF-M5a9exwDS6YeFs9iT-0So-7Q0uiT3IWieAGSrynLeswv-45SKa0ptibbnq_mlZ9w7RkofU81a1Rt9dvJPKo8oW3YHY51aD6MkoSn7I/s1600/Internal+nares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3gZMVXAv4YDFgvpZwSpfC9E4v3jD6GSeSVlEF-M5a9exwDS6YeFs9iT-0So-7Q0uiT3IWieAGSrynLeswv-45SKa0ptibbnq_mlZ9w7RkofU81a1Rt9dvJPKo8oW3YHY51aD6MkoSn7I/s1600/Internal+nares.jpg" height="317" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 7: Internal nares and secondary palate of the crocodylians.</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">To differentiate between the families
of Crocodylia, external snout and skeletal cranial morphology are the most useful for identifying individual families. We used the following characteristics:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span><br />
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <strong>A) </strong></span><strong>SYMPHYSIS
OF THE JAW<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">The symphysis of
the jaw is the area of the suture between the left and right mandibles. In
Alligatoroidea, the symphysis is short, whereas in Crocodylidae, the symphysis
is long (Fig. 8).</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmCLv6RJ1HViPxnUFeUW3Fjt2nVSTu6OOG13SfUQ9jFU5Y84lkI2qibb6BIfmYUxqwCdNQR6LF5OJyhbVCkmtk-lmReflkms0vblRG9cfZIV9aD67kpISoegELMjJ51gKhAI-o0Gp7nb0/s1600/symphyses2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmCLv6RJ1HViPxnUFeUW3Fjt2nVSTu6OOG13SfUQ9jFU5Y84lkI2qibb6BIfmYUxqwCdNQR6LF5OJyhbVCkmtk-lmReflkms0vblRG9cfZIV9aD67kpISoegELMjJ51gKhAI-o0Gp7nb0/s1600/symphyses2.jpg" height="163" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 8: Alligator (left) and crocodile (right) mandibular comparisons of symphyses.</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span lang="EN-CA">
</span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><strong> B) </strong></span><strong>SNOUT BREADTH<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Generally,
Alligatoroidea has a broader snout than Crocodylidae, and Gavialidae has an
especially narrow snout (Fig. 9).</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz7Ecus8aP2_e8Ld5vmIjxCbS0Ic4xMsDDurqur5AG_QY_kX8kxwnXRGQEZPJo-GOFQs_9O7XeO_61Ju1ZfNa3sIHbTVbnmc6HZu1XBfmt-NBtA5BWuV-ZyRYriY9bN_Szu0CfZ4i9P0s/s1600/snout+width.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz7Ecus8aP2_e8Ld5vmIjxCbS0Ic4xMsDDurqur5AG_QY_kX8kxwnXRGQEZPJo-GOFQs_9O7XeO_61Ju1ZfNa3sIHbTVbnmc6HZu1XBfmt-NBtA5BWuV-ZyRYriY9bN_Szu0CfZ4i9P0s/s1600/snout+width.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcmFu2KnlJwmW4xoHsoCL5Giui1unmvy0tz3MOpAjm9IplMUTPeDbx5KL4j-GCeWxG_h1oa1wiBAyQTnT5jlJ2hXqbqVWQ5ojrRKZnqFfAlr89PQ6nxQrzJFXC7XneddmEyz_beaQMDfY/s1600/gavialis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcmFu2KnlJwmW4xoHsoCL5Giui1unmvy0tz3MOpAjm9IplMUTPeDbx5KL4j-GCeWxG_h1oa1wiBAyQTnT5jlJ2hXqbqVWQ5ojrRKZnqFfAlr89PQ6nxQrzJFXC7XneddmEyz_beaQMDfY/s1600/gavialis.jpg" height="97" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 9: Top left, Alligatoridae has the broadest snout of the three groups, followed by Crocodylidae (top right), whose snout is slightly narrower with an indentation to support the 4th tooth that pierces and overlaps upward from the mandibular jaw. Gavialidae's narrow snout is the bottom picture.</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p> <strong>C) </strong></o:p></span><span lang="EN-CA"><strong>NOSTRILS<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Within
Alligatoroidea, Alligatorinae has an extension of the nasals that divides the
nares, whereas Caimaninae (caimans) have no such extension of the nasals.
Neither Crocodylidae nor Gavialidae has split nostrils.</span><span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><strong></strong></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><strong>D) OTHER </strong></span><strong>DISTINCTIVE
CHARACTERS<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-CA">Male members of
Gavialidae have a boss (knob) on the end of their snout. Members of
Crocodylidae have deep pockets or even holes in their upper jaw to allow for a
large 1<sup>st</sup> mandibular tooth. The 4<sup>th</sup> mandibular tooth
grows outside of the upper jaw, and as a consequence the upper jaw may bear an
indentation (Fig. 9).</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<strong>IV. Reproduction</strong></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.9pt;">
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"> Crocodylians are similar to other reptiles
in that they have internal fertilization and lay cleidoic eggs, but differ in the antero-posterior position of their cloaca and the possession of cloacal glands (Fig. 10); males also have a unique
“penis.” Some crocodylians invest energy in child care, helping their
young to hatch with gentle bites to the eggshell, and guarding and protecting
them during their first year of life (Fig. 11).</span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA"></span> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYD_yeLJQconPxynm7W-75kD-EHjA39LdneoeBNUe1aKPhWjMFhyKA0LmFrOAkY0_A0nBoxljKernqgDfshl01Qo1caDfmJq-PpqdF5fzqJvgKII6awT_hbL2TnEAiheiZv8h1vqKRGvc/s1600/cloacal+glands+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYD_yeLJQconPxynm7W-75kD-EHjA39LdneoeBNUe1aKPhWjMFhyKA0LmFrOAkY0_A0nBoxljKernqgDfshl01Qo1caDfmJq-PpqdF5fzqJvgKII6awT_hbL2TnEAiheiZv8h1vqKRGvc/s1600/cloacal+glands+2.jpg" height="289" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 10: Position of the cloacal glands on a caimen specimen.</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii68bqvFPuSE5kr1ychh3QNpcId_AMzMpPG3GUPYLmDKgBWzAHllI28qxy0RE1_sUPi4DCWICwFxljPrFKUUdTDw4HJsjBEjHR9yagGe-z0QfuK9WozSMbRvCpH0FqYLRDppa8U_V4TBs/s1600/parental+care.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii68bqvFPuSE5kr1ychh3QNpcId_AMzMpPG3GUPYLmDKgBWzAHllI28qxy0RE1_sUPi4DCWICwFxljPrFKUUdTDw4HJsjBEjHR9yagGe-z0QfuK9WozSMbRvCpH0FqYLRDppa8U_V4TBs/s1600/parental+care.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 11: Example of prenatal care in crocodylians.</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05827866249086099582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-37195110723786605852014-02-02T16:00:00.001-05:002014-02-02T17:18:49.733-05:00Lab 3- Crocodylia (Kim and Meaghan)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b>Crocodylia:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crocodylia is the largest living reptile and has 25 extant
species in 3 families. Some controversy between the molecular and morphological
phlylogeny exists in this group, resulting in different placements of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gavialis </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tomistoma.</i> However, both molecular and morphological data has <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crocodylus </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Osteolaemus </i>as sister groups. The three families, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gavialoidea, Alligatoroidea, </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crocodylidae</i> are distinguished by their
diagnostic features, highlighted below. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-v686wPz_1CA/Uu6oUVYCOhI/AAAAAAAAAmA/SXSYP5vV7C4/s1600/characteristic+chart.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-v686wPz_1CA/Uu6oUVYCOhI/AAAAAAAAAmA/SXSYP5vV7C4/s1600/characteristic+chart.JPG" height="225" width="640" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crocodylia is semiaquatic/aquatic with a robust skull, long
snout, strongly toothed jaws, short neck, cylindrical trunk, thick laterally
compressed tail, osteoderms (bony plates) in the skin, and short but strongly
developed limbs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The skull is characterized by having extensive ornamentation
with pits and ridges so that the skin is tightly attached to the skull. It also
has extensive pneumatization of the skull with respect to the Eustachian tubes
and nasal cavities. The foramen magnum is formed by the basioccipital and exoccipital. An ear-flap is present on the skull table, which protects the ear
drum from underwater pressure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> Look at the picture below for the specific bones of
the skull. Additionally, this group exhibits thecodont
teeth, whereby the tooth is deeply set in a socket. Furthermore, a
diagnostic characteristic between families is width of the mandibular
symphysis, where the two halves of the lower jaw meet. <i>Alligatoridae</i> have a narrow symphysis and <i>Crocodylidae </i>have a wide symphysis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--AmlLA3-gF8/Uu6pWwWIuTI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/QGpa8tiWb2s/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-02+at+3.23.16+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--AmlLA3-gF8/Uu6pWwWIuTI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/QGpa8tiWb2s/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-02+at+3.23.16+PM.png" height="640" width="550" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qHacUaisscE/Uu6rOrt4rnI/AAAAAAAAAmk/FB5nwN2cw6U/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-02+at+3.31.28+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qHacUaisscE/Uu6rOrt4rnI/AAAAAAAAAmk/FB5nwN2cw6U/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-02+at+3.31.28+PM.png" height="456" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The postcranial skeleton of Crocodylians can be divided into
four regions: the cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae which
articulates with the illium, and the caudal, or tail vertebrae. The first
cervical vertebrae is the atlas, which directly articulates with the occipital
condyle of the skull and the second cervical vertebrae is the axis which
articulates with the atlas. The ribs are considered bicipital because they have
two articulation points with the ribs. Moving posteriorly, the position of the
capitulum and the articulation with the centrum and traverse process changes.
Note the changes from the cervical and dorsal vertebrae on the picture below
(PIC). The pectoral girdle is composed of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aBdKlgP11JE/Uu6rlGzzZuI/AAAAAAAAAms/Sv3jYc-wImw/s1600/CN+ankle.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aBdKlgP11JE/Uu6rlGzzZuI/AAAAAAAAAms/Sv3jYc-wImw/s1600/CN+ankle.JPG" height="172" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CN ankle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
scapula, sternum, and interclavicle,
which protrudes anteriorly. Crocodylians have a diagnostic condition of the
ankle, called Crocodile- Normal anatomy (CN ankle), in which an astragalus is
present and articulates with the tibia, while also articulating with the
calcaneus. The pelvic girdle is made up of the ilium, pubis, and ischium
with has a characteristic rod-shaped pubic process. These three bones meet to
form the acetabulum, where the femur is attached and articulates.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dl-X51ZM83M/Uu6uPUmPpaI/AAAAAAAAAnY/7VS-XO5VqZA/s1600/lalalal.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dl-X51ZM83M/Uu6uPUmPpaI/AAAAAAAAAnY/7VS-XO5VqZA/s1600/lalalal.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pelvic girdle (left), vertebral sections (top right), atlas-axis complex and bicipital ribs (bottom right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reproduction</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crocodylians have internal fertilization via a penis and are
oviparous and form nests out of vegetation, which acts as a compost pile to
encourage rapid development. The temperature of the nest is extremely
important because it determines the sex of the babies, a phenomenon called
temperature-<o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50Fvx9oa4wA/Uu6sH-7xkGI/AAAAAAAAAm8/0d0_-qpEPQE/s1600/2014-01-31+17.25.38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50Fvx9oa4wA/Uu6sH-7xkGI/AAAAAAAAAm8/0d0_-qpEPQE/s1600/2014-01-31+17.25.38.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cloaca and possibly a penis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
dependent sex determination. If the nests are less then 30 degrees,
the offspring will be female, if the nest is between 32-33 degrees, the
offspring will be males, and if the nest is at around 31 degrees, the offspring
can be either sex. This group exhibits parental care, whereby the mother
aggressively guards the nest and her babies. The females will even help crack
open the eggs, and transport the young. The females can stay with her offspring
for up to a year. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diet<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crocodylians are opportunistic carnivores and eat a variety
of prey. Potential prey items will vary depending on the size of the
individual. The morphology of the snout and skull can indicate what they may
eat. A broad, short and stout snout is typically modified for greater crushing
force whereas a long narrow snot is specialized for snapping and eating fish. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Families of
Crocodylians<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Family Gavialoidae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gavialis
gangeticus</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MH8GW8WYdeg/Uu6vct_6MWI/AAAAAAAAAnk/HDMfUkBZP-4/s1600/gav.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MH8GW8WYdeg/Uu6vct_6MWI/AAAAAAAAAnk/HDMfUkBZP-4/s1600/gav.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gavialis gangeticus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->This family is found in parts of India and
Southeast Asia and is extinct in many areas. It can grow to lengths of 6.5 m
and have their teeth outside their jaw. They have a characteristic boss on the
end of their long and narrow snout These are one of the most endangered
Crocodylian and one of the most endangered reptile.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tomistoma
schlegelii</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->These are found in parts of India and South Asia
and can grow up to 4m. They have a long and narrow snout with the teeth inside.
This species prefers to eat tetrapods, especially monkeys. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Family Alligatoroidea</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Subfamily Alligatoridae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alligator
mississippiensis </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alligator
sinensis</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e3qxBsIea18/Uu6vs2rNuKI/AAAAAAAAAns/dH2d-UbRfiM/s1600/Alligator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e3qxBsIea18/Uu6vs2rNuKI/AAAAAAAAAns/dH2d-UbRfiM/s1600/Alligator.jpg" height="200" width="142" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alligator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->This subfamily is found throughout Eastern North
America, Central and South America, and China and are the only Crocodylian that
live in areas where seasonal temperatures drop below freezing. This subfamily
is found in freshwater and has paired nasal foramina. They reach sexual
maturity at 2 meters but males usually wait to mate until they are larger so
they are better competitors</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Subfamily Caimaniae<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->3 genera: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caiman,
Melanosuchus, Paleosuchus </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->This subfamily is found in slow moving
freshwater rivers and are found throughout Mexico and South America. They can
range from 1.7-5 m and build vegetation nests adjacent to termite mounds to
obtain additional heat for the nest. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Family Crocodyloidea<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->3 genera: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crocodylus
(</i>15 spp, pantropical), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mecistops </i>(1
spp, Wester, West-central Africa) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Osteolaemus
</i>(1 spp, Wester, west-central Africa)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->This family can range in length from 2.5-7m and
have a very long snout. The 4<sup>th</sup> mandibular tooth on the lower jaw sits
outside the mouth when it is closed and the 1<sup>st</sup> mandibular tooth
fits into a groove on the premaxilla. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--DbSiymz1Io/Uu6v3pulV6I/AAAAAAAAAn0/OdU7U8AV7tQ/s1600/croc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--DbSiymz1Io/Uu6v3pulV6I/AAAAAAAAAn0/OdU7U8AV7tQ/s1600/croc.jpg" height="146" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crocodylus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-24802685903639219962014-01-31T11:30:00.000-05:002014-01-31T11:30:25.310-05:00<div class="MsoNormal">
Biology of the Reptilia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By: Megan Landon, Cameron Eddy, and Vince Ziccardi</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;">Laboratory #2: Testudines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.zooborns.com/.a/6a010535647bf3970b017d3c4fdc2e970c-popup"><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></a><br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkdw_EXZ_JKXpTxHFIs2_G1In5Q3pbVBQJ_jEr17dWDa0VvknktKRFtCJ2wpfsW_PHR0BTu2PGKvHOYUFEAZ15im6PHqAEJEAm6nkxBisPkNFhg7sx9CBdozT_rpHDDcMmC2W_o3Bu4Oc/s1600/T1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkdw_EXZ_JKXpTxHFIs2_G1In5Q3pbVBQJ_jEr17dWDa0VvknktKRFtCJ2wpfsW_PHR0BTu2PGKvHOYUFEAZ15im6PHqAEJEAm6nkxBisPkNFhg7sx9CBdozT_rpHDDcMmC2W_o3Bu4Oc/s1600/T1.png" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Key Points Covered in
Lab: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Turtle
Anatomy of the skeleton</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF5z_CkX0uONZZZkTHG-k67vFujFZ2QMguVHG-KBAFuh4jNLYGHzOwxZpMpw2-qPXgfRIgcJErubW0bvTtWMLAagI1r1XhGLAN9P6xFyll2EoAwnjnMNLKGI33MgtH-RrZFw9V0HNXrEU/s1600/DSCF1013.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF5z_CkX0uONZZZkTHG-k67vFujFZ2QMguVHG-KBAFuh4jNLYGHzOwxZpMpw2-qPXgfRIgcJErubW0bvTtWMLAagI1r1XhGLAN9P6xFyll2EoAwnjnMNLKGI33MgtH-RrZFw9V0HNXrEU/s1600/DSCF1013.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sea turtle skull exhibiting anapsid<br />condition and keratinized beak.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Reproduction
of Turtles</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Turtle
Diversity<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>Let’s Get a Quick Glimpse on Testudines!<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->There are 327 species of turtles categorized
into 14 Families</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Turtle distribution is everywhere worldwide
except for Antarctica</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Can live in habitats of marine, terrestrial, and
freshwater</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Special morphology of the carapace and plastron
(will be discussed later)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Turtles lay eggs and are therefore oviparous </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Mothers typically bury their eggs into a nest
and never return to it!</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Extant turtles lack teeth but have keratinized
beak </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Skull is anapsid (no temporal fenestra)<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">Testudines emerged in Triassic period (210-220
mya)</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>Extinct Ancestors of Modern Turtles: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaAhJd6X8dhGFwEzMJvKh5j2nLDtI0clrh6Z6uGcJM9oytHpJakkfJObT4A2amD3ZnLOt2ffh3yquRDc4XY1Bbetosz-XcZedzbHm5rQ8fb25qPk1KtcnxhpgajklYUKIt7-4iGksy_c/s1600/T2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaAhJd6X8dhGFwEzMJvKh5j2nLDtI0clrh6Z6uGcJM9oytHpJakkfJObT4A2amD3ZnLOt2ffh3yquRDc4XY1Bbetosz-XcZedzbHm5rQ8fb25qPk1KtcnxhpgajklYUKIt7-4iGksy_c/s1600/T2.jpg" height="130" width="200" /></a><br />
<br />
1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><i>Proganochelys quenstedti</i>: note that they
possessed teeth, carapace, plastron, long tail with turtles and limbs held
inside the ribcage<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjumEz7gOleNxdbOuoPh6pjJV1trkfvXM_s_AxwFmcFRx65W7M3gOpZRqlTEpFWmJh-uLouF7zgpyiklBtqR0MbdcekHbCwHn1_LCwrISqZsItqg0mrzsbtmKsT5x2gmfNIKa36N6ICtI/s1600/T3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjumEz7gOleNxdbOuoPh6pjJV1trkfvXM_s_AxwFmcFRx65W7M3gOpZRqlTEpFWmJh-uLouF7zgpyiklBtqR0MbdcekHbCwHn1_LCwrISqZsItqg0mrzsbtmKsT5x2gmfNIKa36N6ICtI/s1600/T3.jpg" height="146" width="200" /></a><br />
<br />
2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><i>Odontochelys semitestacea</i>: <i> </i>They
possessed teeth, a plastron but no carapace!<span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jx0Dwsoab8qNfmuoCdlxOPJVNH2nBC8uZmFXy522cyMG3sLMhMfv04uKWmYfwwRXEunoqExwRADcJM_k_d_QRsJHL4nYy6gUY2s-dMdG61jJA6EVWi3S6t2AVmJTk-Jl1cLokP_gbn8/s1600/T4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jx0Dwsoab8qNfmuoCdlxOPJVNH2nBC8uZmFXy522cyMG3sLMhMfv04uKWmYfwwRXEunoqExwRADcJM_k_d_QRsJHL4nYy6gUY2s-dMdG61jJA6EVWi3S6t2AVmJTk-Jl1cLokP_gbn8/s1600/T4.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a><b><br /></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>The Turtle Skeleton: </b>Unlike
most reptiles, the turtle skeleton is very unique due to its two parts: the <b>carapace</b> and <b>plastron</b>!</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /><!--[endif]--></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b style="text-align: center;">Carapace and Plastron Bones</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_aSf6Uwkor6cyJ-4rwtROIfSnQUZECuHdgrG8eTujMn4C9B9Rk-gS_GzcdoU9G8O0Zn0iax2M6y3OP3EipfqrlBkcjRqEbJDdRT_nV8lSUX5hvpv4vK7sCKsvLilxkVDJiKA8j20do4/s1600/T5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_aSf6Uwkor6cyJ-4rwtROIfSnQUZECuHdgrG8eTujMn4C9B9Rk-gS_GzcdoU9G8O0Zn0iax2M6y3OP3EipfqrlBkcjRqEbJDdRT_nV8lSUX5hvpv4vK7sCKsvLilxkVDJiKA8j20do4/s1600/T5.png" height="230" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -0.25in;">a.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Carapace Bones</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formed by fused ribs (costal bones) and
vertebrae in trunk region (neural bones)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Note the outermost bones (peripheral bones), the
base of the spine (sacral bone), the posterior end (pygal), the anterior end
near the neck (nuchal bone), and the suprapygal bone which is between the
sacral and pygal bones<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi30kV3z1LtyCF8Q2vdreaX_EQGwicOFxuFSKRNS1QmAoGsCde3qZPc2Vag8iRGj1qw5MqTuP4hcJem2k7pZi6YWcNapj-GlqTG28mf5z3FRmd7o9gZptUIIG_TmuEkPg-3eYiEjTwDFBQ/s1600/DSCF0938+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi30kV3z1LtyCF8Q2vdreaX_EQGwicOFxuFSKRNS1QmAoGsCde3qZPc2Vag8iRGj1qw5MqTuP4hcJem2k7pZi6YWcNapj-GlqTG28mf5z3FRmd7o9gZptUIIG_TmuEkPg-3eYiEjTwDFBQ/s1600/DSCF0938+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bones of the carapace: A) Nuchal B) Neural C) Costal D) Sacral E) Suprapygal F) Pygal G) Peripheral</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Plastron Bones</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Most anterior lateral pair of bones
(epiplastron), posterior lateral pair of bones (xiphiplastron), the median
plate on anterior side (entoplastron)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Note how the hyoplastron is above the
hypoplastron with the mesoplastron in-between the two lateral pairs of bones<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssxfuqkXKTyVBpxtG4ACcuqGuBf91wleHgnrchTuVRwNkQhqBM1jXTzb5Qgk8aqJwERsK_No0E10oPPkriq6i0dwgOGR9bOjM4t_3gu7pcVrLHiRweCo7ENg4EDYP67n8Z1vepeap3w4/s1600/DSCF0941+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssxfuqkXKTyVBpxtG4ACcuqGuBf91wleHgnrchTuVRwNkQhqBM1jXTzb5Qgk8aqJwERsK_No0E10oPPkriq6i0dwgOGR9bOjM4t_3gu7pcVrLHiRweCo7ENg4EDYP67n8Z1vepeap3w4/s1600/DSCF0941+P.jpg" height="400" style="cursor: move;" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bones of plastron: A) Epiplastron B) Entoplastron<br />C) Hyoplastron D) Hypoplastron E) Xiphiplastron</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Carapace
and Plastron Scutes</b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IVMeI25hOARfTRTa0VgZzlmL7uCUBdLSI_3tLr90SdgMHzJJ1asEyqXsyIidpXzH7OYcn33wGO_FzcKNUG6WN5nBU6FrWSyXqHsQLISLEF5Md0damgk4NncuFbQ4Y5Z-SKbW7cLKsp4/s1600/T6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IVMeI25hOARfTRTa0VgZzlmL7uCUBdLSI_3tLr90SdgMHzJJ1asEyqXsyIidpXzH7OYcn33wGO_FzcKNUG6WN5nBU6FrWSyXqHsQLISLEF5Md0damgk4NncuFbQ4Y5Z-SKbW7cLKsp4/s1600/T6.png" height="368" width="640" /></a></div>
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Carapace Scutes</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Note that the vertebral scutes cover the spinal
region, the pleural scutes cover the ribs, and the marginal are the outermost
scutes</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Also note how the supramarginal scutes fall
in-between the marginal and pleural; the cervical scute covering the neck
region of the turtle<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMHbaGqi7coE72ilnuQ7njk7pEOSXrCgA2WuV7KYrmUWSgyHIfBLcnX0Mb91WG0EBKgF-ANuyjOf-Hs8bZaK7iEP4PQxBdK0QHmSJ_uily3M6bK-kxl9DTpKeOYzfJ4Ne4XZYUgftEqQ/s1600/DSCF1032+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMHbaGqi7coE72ilnuQ7njk7pEOSXrCgA2WuV7KYrmUWSgyHIfBLcnX0Mb91WG0EBKgF-ANuyjOf-Hs8bZaK7iEP4PQxBdK0QHmSJ_uily3M6bK-kxl9DTpKeOYzfJ4Ne4XZYUgftEqQ/s1600/DSCF1032+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Scutes of the carapace: A) Vertebral B) Pleural C) Marginal D) Cervical</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ExtiQPFzV_ZzH5nBBzn5R5yddzJr9bXe8R81JkMdC3wblj4So6PO8RPnTgYD-4r1npG7I4fUPvDsyvwxNiwFuaAlInb8P7aaLHTOkdtBhIoP1QQxeH7izf5XZZMtLc4_6JxBcz1EiRg/s1600/DSCF0980+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ExtiQPFzV_ZzH5nBBzn5R5yddzJr9bXe8R81JkMdC3wblj4So6PO8RPnTgYD-4r1npG7I4fUPvDsyvwxNiwFuaAlInb8P7aaLHTOkdtBhIoP1QQxeH7izf5XZZMtLc4_6JxBcz1EiRg/s1600/DSCF0980+P.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Supramarginal scutes present on carapace of <i>Macrochelys temminkii</i>, but not <i>Chelydra serpentina</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Plastron Scutes</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Note the intergular scutes covering the throat
of the turtle (anterior) and the anal scutes (posterior); the gular scutes are
first lateral pair followed by the humeral scutes which are underneath </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The pectoral scutes are laterally paired near
the pectoral girdle (note how the axillary scutes cover the pectoral girdle),
the abdominal scutes cover the abdomen (inframarginal scutes are outside
abdominal scutes), and the femoral scutes covering the femur of the turtle<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsi3lpDvNxSojOzqD7Itju0cl3u3tnEdlxtTSNTS8mKXV77GHlg5mSrcVuE7jZ3L45iaIXJWS73XS8w-ZuSI5HuveSCs7xTqcW8sk8YpmA-zQ-VY_GdF1Pz6nEY2sjTi-o6hlS5OntNxg/s1600/DSCF0942+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsi3lpDvNxSojOzqD7Itju0cl3u3tnEdlxtTSNTS8mKXV77GHlg5mSrcVuE7jZ3L45iaIXJWS73XS8w-ZuSI5HuveSCs7xTqcW8sk8YpmA-zQ-VY_GdF1Pz6nEY2sjTi-o6hlS5OntNxg/s1600/DSCF0942+P.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plastron scutes: A) Gular B) Humeral C) Pectoral D) Abdominal E) Femoral F) Anal G) Inframarinal H) Axillary</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>***A note on Carapace/Plastron Scutes vs. Carapace/Plastron
Bones<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_aSf6Uwkor6cyJ-4rwtROIfSnQUZECuHdgrG8eTujMn4C9B9Rk-gS_GzcdoU9G8O0Zn0iax2M6y3OP3EipfqrlBkcjRqEbJDdRT_nV8lSUX5hvpv4vK7sCKsvLilxkVDJiKA8j20do4/s1600/T5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_aSf6Uwkor6cyJ-4rwtROIfSnQUZECuHdgrG8eTujMn4C9B9Rk-gS_GzcdoU9G8O0Zn0iax2M6y3OP3EipfqrlBkcjRqEbJDdRT_nV8lSUX5hvpv4vK7sCKsvLilxkVDJiKA8j20do4/s1600/T5.png" height="115" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IVMeI25hOARfTRTa0VgZzlmL7uCUBdLSI_3tLr90SdgMHzJJ1asEyqXsyIidpXzH7OYcn33wGO_FzcKNUG6WN5nBU6FrWSyXqHsQLISLEF5Md0damgk4NncuFbQ4Y5Z-SKbW7cLKsp4/s1600/T6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IVMeI25hOARfTRTa0VgZzlmL7uCUBdLSI_3tLr90SdgMHzJJ1asEyqXsyIidpXzH7OYcn33wGO_FzcKNUG6WN5nBU6FrWSyXqHsQLISLEF5Md0damgk4NncuFbQ4Y5Z-SKbW7cLKsp4/s1600/T6.png" height="115" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
Vs.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></b>
<b style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></b>
<b style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="line-height: 200%;">(The scutes covering the bones and both the
carapace and plastron do not directly align with each other.)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[endif]--><b>Girdles
of Turtles</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pectoral Girdle</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->contains two parts of the scapula and a coracoid</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwz_oe-aUwOpymMoZ_FQb8pgmHE76HIxN_uRaxANkJevmqC2tmJ_HO8em1AWcgTY8AZpxw6P1TYJnqrWWw2ldnexoU5kCBfu5lJTjdEcO-9JJCZ100tK9TRcg57gL1EEi8rbo2HVP5jWE/s1600/DSCF0915+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwz_oe-aUwOpymMoZ_FQb8pgmHE76HIxN_uRaxANkJevmqC2tmJ_HO8em1AWcgTY8AZpxw6P1TYJnqrWWw2ldnexoU5kCBfu5lJTjdEcO-9JJCZ100tK9TRcg57gL1EEi8rbo2HVP5jWE/s1600/DSCF0915+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turtle pectoral girdle: A) Dorsal process of scapula<br /> B) Ventromedial process of scapula C) Coracoid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_s1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="pectoral-girdle" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:94.5pt;margin-top:12.15pt;width:255pt;height:171pt;
z-index:1;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Cameron\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.jpg"
o:title="pectoral-girdle" croptop="19518f" cropbottom="27454f" cropleft="23260f"
cropright="15710f"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pelvic Girdle</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
o:spid="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="pelvic-girdle" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:57pt;margin-top:58pt;width:359.25pt;
height:230.25pt;z-index:2;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Cameron\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg"
o:title="pelvic-girdle" croptop="19561f" cropbottom="25438f" cropleft="9992f"
cropright="20892f"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">the ilium (sticking out in the back), the ischium (the two
posterior bones on pelvic girdle), and the pubis (the two anteiror bones of the
pelvic girdle)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWFfJd61lGTThCPupVOmvatsRO_h23xqHI3NnVPrZR9K0_FTkPf97WFap6B36CJI4MOxyU_ZLBJPvGh50pttEnRC2qPGZW_xU3ffco0XqvWIQ_9iRXZlipM9uDcI3E3b5JSkQuHnw888/s1600/DSCF0917+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWFfJd61lGTThCPupVOmvatsRO_h23xqHI3NnVPrZR9K0_FTkPf97WFap6B36CJI4MOxyU_ZLBJPvGh50pttEnRC2qPGZW_xU3ffco0XqvWIQ_9iRXZlipM9uDcI3E3b5JSkQuHnw888/s1600/DSCF0917+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turtle Pelvic girdle: A) Ilium B) Pubis C) Ischium</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjgyB8EB8SejXjX2YszgPOSwCjVLa6fx9f5VOjnxy7t8ba7zXMk0raaclOhkSVjzaDD7KqF6g9mIDOaTfml5jcXX1YuF8LQFX6fDFMGMrnGzYxW4LhbOo3ICID5t59Z-RbsfQDBj_IMY/s1600/DSCF0907+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjgyB8EB8SejXjX2YszgPOSwCjVLa6fx9f5VOjnxy7t8ba7zXMk0raaclOhkSVjzaDD7KqF6g9mIDOaTfml5jcXX1YuF8LQFX6fDFMGMrnGzYxW4LhbOo3ICID5t59Z-RbsfQDBj_IMY/s1600/DSCF0907+P.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turtle girdles: A) Pectoral B) Pelvic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Here’s a different look by showing the entire skeleton of
the turtle. Try to see if you can identify the bones associated with the pectoral and pelvic girdles.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>Turtle
Skulls</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Note the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, and
postorbital bones on the dorsal view of the turtle skull </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>On the ventral view, note the premaxilla,
maxilla, pterygoid, palatine, vomer (separating the right and left nasal
cavities), supraoccipital, basioccipital and exoccipital</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On the lateral view of the turtle, note the
jugal, quadratojugal, quadrate<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO28Ox_OkJIel-4t4KzxIAghP3ry0C8EzMb3yWj_vBv3vyZ-vl5GwtNbqEZg5YJZ-AmdZdeTi3QS-P2xNQ0wAmlum9npiZgBImoe_tDB3WLv3rij7xW1zHmBLKUm9Uwd3R9WkjCRV1yeo/s1600/DSCF0924+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO28Ox_OkJIel-4t4KzxIAghP3ry0C8EzMb3yWj_vBv3vyZ-vl5GwtNbqEZg5YJZ-AmdZdeTi3QS-P2xNQ0wAmlum9npiZgBImoe_tDB3WLv3rij7xW1zHmBLKUm9Uwd3R9WkjCRV1yeo/s1600/DSCF0924+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQttSiaQlUGZqACbJSL5T-GUVPrPRkWs-SFXgFm_KBrR9RbGP2aqH9hbxfJhp2Rox5O2-N7zD5o6Pds8s3wrlSMXhBbH-L49FGqj8VEevnIKLm1itjqO5O7I7d3PBoKBFG2Ygp80Pfng/s1600/DSCF0926.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQttSiaQlUGZqACbJSL5T-GUVPrPRkWs-SFXgFm_KBrR9RbGP2aqH9hbxfJhp2Rox5O2-N7zD5o6Pds8s3wrlSMXhBbH-L49FGqj8VEevnIKLm1itjqO5O7I7d3PBoKBFG2Ygp80Pfng/s1600/DSCF0926.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIAKNLhyphenhyphenNGsKcq8ZQ2vy688tK7cX0RxkYjKX5XKgLdhetw_1iFrD9Q5IoSEhbDix-rnU9CY4_A_FEsW3WUycD7vLw_enEA4pgj7-_35PTdEZj8uveLr0lCIYcKcWjHS-iHKbzM8QbqOhk/s1600/DSCF0928+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIAKNLhyphenhyphenNGsKcq8ZQ2vy688tK7cX0RxkYjKX5XKgLdhetw_1iFrD9Q5IoSEhbDix-rnU9CY4_A_FEsW3WUycD7vLw_enEA4pgj7-_35PTdEZj8uveLr0lCIYcKcWjHS-iHKbzM8QbqOhk/s1600/DSCF0928+P.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view <i>Chelydra seprentina</i> <i> </i>skull. A) Supraoccipital B) Squamosal C) Exoccipital D) Parietal E) Postorbital F) Frontal G) Prefrontal H) Maxilla I) Premaxilla J) Jugal K) Quadratojugal L) Quadrate M) Pterygoid N) Basioccipital O) Vomer P) Palatine</td></tr>
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<b>Reproduction</b><br />
<br />
Both sexes of turtle have anatomical characteristics, unique from both each other and from other reptiles, that allow scientists to differentiate between sexes as well as aid in the act of reproduction. In determining the sex of the turtle, the easiest way is to look at the tails. Males have a larger, fatter, overall more robust tail than females who have shorter less robust tails.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSTLgvorA2vvGnrgLo4M-qGXRKTymFy8yV9FUpLBbbwxiL0aJMcqAD6mqvDNZ37HM7sNPeMAVhJS4XccGVIUKYDh2fuZrEoi7Vd4ASBq0RN2t2qp5CXefj0Pr9SlsrU8uJUJcHQrlg9hM/s1600/Tails+of+Male+and+Female+Western+Pond+Turtles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSTLgvorA2vvGnrgLo4M-qGXRKTymFy8yV9FUpLBbbwxiL0aJMcqAD6mqvDNZ37HM7sNPeMAVhJS4XccGVIUKYDh2fuZrEoi7Vd4ASBq0RN2t2qp5CXefj0Pr9SlsrU8uJUJcHQrlg9hM/s1600/Tails+of+Male+and+Female+Western+Pond+Turtles.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comparing the tail sizes of female (left) and male (right) turtles</td></tr>
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When these tails are laid straight, the cloaca of the male turtle can be found well beyond the posterior margin of the carrapace whereas the cloaca of the female is found before/ as the posterior margin of the carrapace(Fig. X).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqMTpZhFZ-hd2dz3qJbGACxAPLuaraLMBEDI9J1SW3d6IDjawwp4mPDDsiM-cE76tVVXI4SfJ1VoqUIu1jMzq5CuU3PMHvnOJQyrEcw6r_5m29faAHr8a30KLDectHJxITlZURpL48F3w/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Plastron+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqMTpZhFZ-hd2dz3qJbGACxAPLuaraLMBEDI9J1SW3d6IDjawwp4mPDDsiM-cE76tVVXI4SfJ1VoqUIu1jMzq5CuU3PMHvnOJQyrEcw6r_5m29faAHr8a30KLDectHJxITlZURpL48F3w/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Plastron+3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Ventral view of the male plastron and female plastron</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fcbhHFtsrFquxy361TmNJP8uKWZFmzakgcbbE8_kx0QtGGIaRvu_dTXBWFr5Uq0anmjZVA71y9Y2tJ_uG1tcSX0w8RV9z6KDieKhPaNTLl5gIpgnfpPwBkRxmgphyMjEgBzOE-kAAE0/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Plastron+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fcbhHFtsrFquxy361TmNJP8uKWZFmzakgcbbE8_kx0QtGGIaRvu_dTXBWFr5Uq0anmjZVA71y9Y2tJ_uG1tcSX0w8RV9z6KDieKhPaNTLl5gIpgnfpPwBkRxmgphyMjEgBzOE-kAAE0/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Plastron+2.jpg" height="107" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Posterior view of the male (right) and female (left) plastron</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The unique reproductive characteristics of turtles are found mainly in males. Males have a concave plastron to keep them from sliding off the female during copulation, they have longer forelimb claws which are used during courtship to "tickle" the face of the female<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhbsdJFUM1uv8kkL7Jqm69PYMlN-2LVEnzI01Hjh4e1XJ4jejvdAhwSH3LOOpzW97TXGI1ZeuFH7iZxMiuV2t_djopm1X4l-8wXvEFFPm7aMMc-I0YzXoz7vF49XEnJyCb3KxBjxyVeg/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Claws+and+Tails.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhbsdJFUM1uv8kkL7Jqm69PYMlN-2LVEnzI01Hjh4e1XJ4jejvdAhwSH3LOOpzW97TXGI1ZeuFH7iZxMiuV2t_djopm1X4l-8wXvEFFPm7aMMc-I0YzXoz7vF49XEnJyCb3KxBjxyVeg/s1600/Male+and+Female+Turtle+Claws+and+Tails.jpg" height="187" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Images comparing forearm claws (left) and cloaca position (right) of both male and female turtles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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and they have a intromittent organ, a large appendage similar to a penis that functions to transfer sperm.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPKomkK9uCvZcgXuI5W4isHtWIlNgj3fpZ9n8jGAb9UyXYSNv4cU6etFafyaQw8BUwcltbyO1vHZast5Us8L7n0FzNR2B5kykfI4VutzIl9o3yFZi_IAZMCFZCepN7uETaWG42vY6e8Hg/s1600/Intromittent+Organ+2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPKomkK9uCvZcgXuI5W4isHtWIlNgj3fpZ9n8jGAb9UyXYSNv4cU6etFafyaQw8BUwcltbyO1vHZast5Us8L7n0FzNR2B5kykfI4VutzIl9o3yFZi_IAZMCFZCepN7uETaWG42vY6e8Hg/s1600/Intromittent+Organ+2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihgmGYGrBdwNH0r6xGoGpDxKBQHcj_o0F621KzFTIc9Xa71o46MKTMI3hzDlgbGFo8AzJuwN9ne9LtaDGQlt6GQgPrBB4-LDV7VF0O4XBsgvR-4M741AhzdFsg7NmV1aGnR4bOhjVA1Ms/s1600/DSCF0935+P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihgmGYGrBdwNH0r6xGoGpDxKBQHcj_o0F621KzFTIc9Xa71o46MKTMI3hzDlgbGFo8AzJuwN9ne9LtaDGQlt6GQgPrBB4-LDV7VF0O4XBsgvR-4M741AhzdFsg7NmV1aGnR4bOhjVA1Ms/s1600/DSCF0935+P.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copulatory organ in male turtles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
Turtles are typical amniotes and oviparous wherein they have internal fertilization resulting in a cleidoic egg laid outside the body. These cleidoic eggs have hard calcium carbonate shells to protect the embryo inside from the outer environment while also allowing gas exchange. The embryos inside the egg have direct development, meaning that when the babies hatch, they will be minature versions of their parents. (Check last week's lab for images)<br />
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<b>Diversity</b><br />
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About 200 to 250 million years ago, the order Testudines split between two groups: Cryptodira and Pleurodira. Turtles that belong to Cryptodira are more commonly known as "hidden neck turtles" meaning they pull their heads straight back into their shells when frightened.<br />
Turtles that belong to Pleurodira are more commonly known as "side-neck turtles", so when they are frightened they pull their head to the side under the edge of their shells.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOFFw3QJBGMuagSTWN79jTBu4LynRbQAJDrXy3ngZ-ohunswIwu0nqdI-fC_h7WKkwGA1t-Bp7OnIIaONar26wCuwDHPwtfWNECRaTGGPGEMUL7AW_fAgmNFGjp8FiBTyWiXuy6hUNAo/s1600/Cryptodira.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOFFw3QJBGMuagSTWN79jTBu4LynRbQAJDrXy3ngZ-ohunswIwu0nqdI-fC_h7WKkwGA1t-Bp7OnIIaONar26wCuwDHPwtfWNECRaTGGPGEMUL7AW_fAgmNFGjp8FiBTyWiXuy6hUNAo/s1600/Cryptodira.jpg" height="140" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cryptodira</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSDi9LoKvKT2V-VZXbGe3keOY1dtjOzNFbPra5PWryGPkErMyAifNp12-RwDiAGq-C5uKFo-i8-vXmUe8cjSku-H0OtRUoI5r8oR745Jg24PRqAn19UARmC51xyJb88ZgBaQ0tvQ2LPD4/s1600/DSCF0994.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSDi9LoKvKT2V-VZXbGe3keOY1dtjOzNFbPra5PWryGPkErMyAifNp12-RwDiAGq-C5uKFo-i8-vXmUe8cjSku-H0OtRUoI5r8oR745Jg24PRqAn19UARmC51xyJb88ZgBaQ0tvQ2LPD4/s1600/DSCF0994.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pleurodira</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>Ohio Diversity</b><br />
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<b><br /></b>
Out of the multiple families and species of turtle that are found worldwide, Ohio is home to only 4 families and 12 species.<br />
Chelydridae - <i>Chelydra serpentina</i> (Common Snapping Turtle)<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZwkwHHY7ko1MLtfqM1mh9hkaGoYYj73wtA4QzL7htY7X8RXIiIMNsZJH9OYAOP3j3RFILpGzZ0C4rMNBEOi0uFUIokLrec2jFG84ySUB2rR2Yj4i_JSPhYwDhY5JVmqYzZrV-wj_IkYo/s1600/DSCF0981.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZwkwHHY7ko1MLtfqM1mh9hkaGoYYj73wtA4QzL7htY7X8RXIiIMNsZJH9OYAOP3j3RFILpGzZ0C4rMNBEOi0uFUIokLrec2jFG84ySUB2rR2Yj4i_JSPhYwDhY5JVmqYzZrV-wj_IkYo/s1600/DSCF0981.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Macrochelys temminkii</i> (top) and <i>Chelydra serpentina</i> (bottom)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Kinosternidae - <i>Sternotherus odoratus</i> (Stinkpot Turtle)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERzcc8fwxKA1bn854rMhfpqOHSENGWNvSy-uiHb8XhHb7G4sgeqoxdKDTKMlRnxZdA92HiPH7kz7-o-jHYgypdiLJ-TpOX3YAnAZu8f1LDNGRp_DOKqu6o_LWUfOieSRdRM1pFvcAjC4/s1600/Stinkpot+Turtle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERzcc8fwxKA1bn854rMhfpqOHSENGWNvSy-uiHb8XhHb7G4sgeqoxdKDTKMlRnxZdA92HiPH7kz7-o-jHYgypdiLJ-TpOX3YAnAZu8f1LDNGRp_DOKqu6o_LWUfOieSRdRM1pFvcAjC4/s1600/Stinkpot+Turtle.jpg" height="238" width="320" /></a></div>
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Trionychidae -<br />
<i>Apalone spinifera</i> (Spiny Softshell Turtle)<br />
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<i>Apalone mutica </i>(Smooth Softshell Turtle)<br />
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Emydidae - <i>Chrysemys picta marginata</i> (Midland Painted Turtle)<br />
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<i>Clemmys guttata</i> (Spotted Turtle)<br />
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<i>Emydoidea blandingii </i>(Blanding's Turtle)<br />
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<i>Graptemys geographica</i> (Map Turtle)<br />
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<i>Graptemys pseudogeographica</i> (False Map Turtle)<br />
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<i>Pseudemys concinna</i> (Hieroglyphica River Cooter)<br />
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<i>Terrapene carolina</i> (Eastern Box Turtle)<br />
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<i> Trachemys scripta</i> (Red-Eared Slider)<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00609346191856742477noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-26081999492060691192014-01-31T00:01:00.001-05:002014-01-31T00:02:35.069-05:00Lab #2: Testudines (Nick Spies and Alex Murray)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Lab #2: Testudines</span></strong></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigiGSKfUT7fLlib8WiYNkJvdinT4PhlPCuOH6k-lVJcTbJ0vDEtiueTfeimnqPiaCNUn9e-Vp5ldMOt7DvL6-ly6UnkS03HnJj97cu-V222Niv44HbUP9-dS0LJQYUwcjR-8INv7vVt8/s1600/testudine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigiGSKfUT7fLlib8WiYNkJvdinT4PhlPCuOH6k-lVJcTbJ0vDEtiueTfeimnqPiaCNUn9e-Vp5ldMOt7DvL6-ly6UnkS03HnJj97cu-V222Niv44HbUP9-dS0LJQYUwcjR-8INv7vVt8/s1600/testudine.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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There are currently 327 identified extant species of Testudines, placed into 14 families. In this specific lab, 8 of these extant Testudines families were examined and described. The eight specific Testudine families that were examined in this lab are as follows:</div>
<ol>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong><span style="background-color: yellow;">Podocnemidae</span> </strong>(Madagascan Big-Headed Turtles & American Side-Neck Turtles)</div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: bold;">Chelidae </span>(Australoamerican Side-Neck Turtles)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: bold;">Trionychidae</span> (Soft-Shell Turtles)</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<strong><span style="background-color: yellow;">Cheloniidae</span> </strong>(Hard-shelled Seaturtles)</div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: bold;">Chelydridae </span>(Snapping Turtles)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</li>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: bold;">Kinosternidae</span> (Mud and Musk Turtles)</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>Testudinidae</b> </span>(Tortoises)</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: bold;">Emydidae </span>(Cooters, Sliders, American Box Turtles)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e9JfgxcKQBmY0ALpT6n2SqpWANUNSm-CJNkYkbTvCCU6dD74S7NPGdlpK96ndUWje545BPorOfA0pl90T0QzecN3o6bR58yLsWQS8H5KRaSamFVUUtIcs4RObaD-Sox1kDS0zBmL6Cc/s1600/turtle+lineages.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e9JfgxcKQBmY0ALpT6n2SqpWANUNSm-CJNkYkbTvCCU6dD74S7NPGdlpK96ndUWje545BPorOfA0pl90T0QzecN3o6bR58yLsWQS8H5KRaSamFVUUtIcs4RObaD-Sox1kDS0zBmL6Cc/s1600/turtle+lineages.jpg" height="264" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 1: </span>Phylogenetic Relationships of Turtle Families </td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Pleurodira and Cryptodira Testudines </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Within the Testudines, there is a basil split between Pleurodira and Cryptodira. The two following terms refer to how Testudines hide their heads when they are frightened. <b>Pleurodiran turtles</b> fold their head either to the right or to the left, and cannot pull their heads into their shells (Fig. 1)(Fig. 2). <b>Cryptodiran turtles</b> pull their heads into their shells within a pocket, during this process, the turtle's neck curves posteriorly in an "S" shape(Fig. 1)(Fig. 2).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYffz3X728DOUSnIosEKLaRBxE9zLj5IKORiObmIHs8qVihQdclneZsoOAKJTPM9Ni0kXo6gfoWqCtIKxEznnbBm6BJUF7f03Eu4jyQ3miL2Anai81ynYM-Q95ki7t4DXQepYgI5v96Xg/s1600/cryptodira_vs_pleurodira_v_niclos_www_testudines_org_001_002_ful.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYffz3X728DOUSnIosEKLaRBxE9zLj5IKORiObmIHs8qVihQdclneZsoOAKJTPM9Ni0kXo6gfoWqCtIKxEznnbBm6BJUF7f03Eu4jyQ3miL2Anai81ynYM-Q95ki7t4DXQepYgI5v96Xg/s1600/cryptodira_vs_pleurodira_v_niclos_www_testudines_org_001_002_ful.jpg" height="272" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 2:</span> Pleurodira vs. Cryptodira Neck Retraction</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Two <span style="background-color: yellow;">Pleurodira Testudine Families</span> Examined in Lab:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">1) </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;">Podocnemidae</span></b><b> </b>(Madagascan Big-Headed Turtles & American Side-Neck Turtles)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiooOw7GyvCnVKCi7lp_nkMVq_bsXUv8WMLIqUS5mFDj3K5EDWtXjjV26yyg2r0uRbBYoNP_ZzymKkC1WlPydzxvsNr8G-WCiKoIe7JTo86SSfbZGrcnCUnO3qTQwjr1i1C1qquZojNiGM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3016.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiooOw7GyvCnVKCi7lp_nkMVq_bsXUv8WMLIqUS5mFDj3K5EDWtXjjV26yyg2r0uRbBYoNP_ZzymKkC1WlPydzxvsNr8G-WCiKoIe7JTo86SSfbZGrcnCUnO3qTQwjr1i1C1qquZojNiGM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3016.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Location: </b>South America & Madagascar </div>
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<b>Characteristics: </b></div>
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3 Genera, 8 Species </div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
Moderately Large</div>
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River Turtles</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
Broad, domed, streamlined shells</div>
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Active Swimmers</div>
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Herbivores/Opportunistic carnivores</div>
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Nest in sand along river </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2) <span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">Chelidae </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Australoamerican Side-Neck Turtles)</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVOOy0WUhcBpg6Du7xxIfZiA8d_TndX6BXdzjgkKUKZ8kRFcLoOu8AbrLSqsfgs86ebBtE1OFRm5h1iIk0kafmewjXmWL1UagtE7B0e2OJUhdcZxFHT7vUdKDTahTfXlcpb6JO2BV1tM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3012.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVOOy0WUhcBpg6Du7xxIfZiA8d_TndX6BXdzjgkKUKZ8kRFcLoOu8AbrLSqsfgs86ebBtE1OFRm5h1iIk0kafmewjXmWL1UagtE7B0e2OJUhdcZxFHT7vUdKDTahTfXlcpb6JO2BV1tM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3012.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Location: </b>South America, Australia, Indonesia </div>
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(Southern Hemisphere only) </div>
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<b>Characteristics:</b></div>
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Flattened Skull and Shell</div>
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Primarily Aquatic</div>
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Omnivores</div>
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Some leave water to forage during rains near water</div>
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(Gulp Feeding) </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Six </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Cryptodira Testudine Families</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Examined in Lab:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">1)</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">Trionychidae</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Soft-Shell Turtles)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLBiD_2-QHUjoFFk0-Jy3SSva4o78qZNU7cL3zHzrUMpc35DHUOGtfmxh93yDgvADwfuYI6vKObl4HwBrWeMCclVj05okCTKhnYgiy-_9OhujZzG6v-mJH9Xbx_-FO-pZaAEnb04Yhc4/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3004.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLBiD_2-QHUjoFFk0-Jy3SSva4o78qZNU7cL3zHzrUMpc35DHUOGtfmxh93yDgvADwfuYI6vKObl4HwBrWeMCclVj05okCTKhnYgiy-_9OhujZzG6v-mJH9Xbx_-FO-pZaAEnb04Yhc4/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3004.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt5L-JePgX0MkSskN_1R17rmnuF8yAik4neRuNVV0rQ369oHlZVEWAlaqrvyM3NNooobyw9KJ5XfYnbMrwG6SgDo8ro26cEcPNGRApwkQI39KIwzj95gKOu7RQepWXNWJSTYh2wOF2x8c/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt5L-JePgX0MkSskN_1R17rmnuF8yAik4neRuNVV0rQ369oHlZVEWAlaqrvyM3NNooobyw9KJ5XfYnbMrwG6SgDo8ro26cEcPNGRApwkQI39KIwzj95gKOu7RQepWXNWJSTYh2wOF2x8c/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_3003.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Location: </b>Africa, Asia, New Guinea, SE Asia, Indonesia, North America<br />
<br />
<b>Characteristics: </b><br />
Snorkel-like snout<br />
Flattened "Pancake"<br />
Reduced Carapace/Plastron<br />
Lack epidermal scutes<br />
Possess thick, leathery skin<br />
Long Necks<br />
Some Possess femoral flaps on plastron<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qPa8gQ6QEONtH-iurtHYhuMvLvHBYW6XFo4e0CVro_4iz-P30eZtTA11LwMJ-4LnBcy7ZDpaVRYd4pSqUAdOPzaIxDSmS94Ftb3_ok8F59oCHWAWI_ptpNDZk14EUknq7ErU3sK_jzw/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qPa8gQ6QEONtH-iurtHYhuMvLvHBYW6XFo4e0CVro_4iz-P30eZtTA11LwMJ-4LnBcy7ZDpaVRYd4pSqUAdOPzaIxDSmS94Ftb3_ok8F59oCHWAWI_ptpNDZk14EUknq7ErU3sK_jzw/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2999.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Characteristics</b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lattice-like plastron, either fused or separate, hyoplastron and hypoplastron </span></div>
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Opportunistic carnivores </div>
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Cutaneous Respiration (from not having scales)</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">2)</span></span><strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Cheloniidae</span> </strong>(Hard-shelled Seaturtles)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPU4H05jAIZ22WGxhY7w0-IifMJgiWfbTKPQc3HmttkHToeij1rtb2AVqweFgA0_d6b7Rpg72yZAgeIi2xubf3KEOYpSYv0nqEqve1T-URgVYdMDDvCKIWs6KGyi2ZkgijMqo-ZVPV4Q/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2995.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPU4H05jAIZ22WGxhY7w0-IifMJgiWfbTKPQc3HmttkHToeij1rtb2AVqweFgA0_d6b7Rpg72yZAgeIi2xubf3KEOYpSYv0nqEqve1T-URgVYdMDDvCKIWs6KGyi2ZkgijMqo-ZVPV4Q/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2995.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Location:</b> Tropical to Subtropical Oceans</div>
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<b>Characteristics: </b></div>
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Flat streamlined shells with epidermal scutes </div>
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Forelimbs flipper like</div>
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Hind limbs webbed for steering </div>
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Emerge on beaches only to nest </div>
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Require 25 years for sexual maturity </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">3)</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">Chelydridae </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Snapping Turtles)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT1eXa5zh8gwtqeiQ0uwXD0l6SKq48ntTSX60Si6T6CRUI29IAwfz6PFk1URxtxJalcjErpN8x3_bpGfPIBUBHcAma7Oam2igU8zB6C4Sw_wJ0bumoPMYmi_IAcL6KeuhN4Ujw2mUU2nc/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2975.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT1eXa5zh8gwtqeiQ0uwXD0l6SKq48ntTSX60Si6T6CRUI29IAwfz6PFk1URxtxJalcjErpN8x3_bpGfPIBUBHcAma7Oam2igU8zB6C4Sw_wJ0bumoPMYmi_IAcL6KeuhN4Ujw2mUU2nc/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2975.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgIZd6EldkrXCfChiA8hAuP6NTlt6FVA3arYM_WMNX3KBIdQS3UEs-8hAGmgCam0nsPa4-0HpFjbthw3w3e7gh3RgAtZtRTLoaZAq9gPOxjB6J7gpm5bChMkVr1i2kxTZ0x0L9O17Wb0/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2972.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgIZd6EldkrXCfChiA8hAuP6NTlt6FVA3arYM_WMNX3KBIdQS3UEs-8hAGmgCam0nsPa4-0HpFjbthw3w3e7gh3RgAtZtRTLoaZAq9gPOxjB6J7gpm5bChMkVr1i2kxTZ0x0L9O17Wb0/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2972.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Location: </b>Eastern North America, Mexico & Central America, Northern South America<br />
<b>Characteristics:</b><br />
2 Genera, 2-5 Species<br />
Large Heads (relative to body)<br />
Skull roof deeply emarginated<br />
Broad, flat Carapace<br />
Reduced Plastron (cruciform)<br />
Longest tail of any Testudine<br />
Aquatic, only on lad to lay eggs<br />
Opportunistic carnivores<br />
Primarily Herbivores <br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">**Two genera of Chelydridae are <i>Chelydra </i>(common snapping turtles) and <i>Macrochelys </i>Alligator Snapping Turtle**</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Biggest difference between the two species is that <i>Macrochelys </i>has four marginal scutes, whereas <i>Chelydra</i></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">4)</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Kinosternidae</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (Mud and Musk Turtles)</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWzhH0BiLoyArNZFElCtdTk_DOeidJz6lmex93nfeM5QffhOp5BkOwenH4lqY2fN_7vBEMgAzUgke1kwI6sjWzgDWLRIC_-UE5U94rKMDympyzRpPEYQZrOzVnZLoNIOT3_Uid1_1Pdc/s1600/muskturtle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWzhH0BiLoyArNZFElCtdTk_DOeidJz6lmex93nfeM5QffhOp5BkOwenH4lqY2fN_7vBEMgAzUgke1kwI6sjWzgDWLRIC_-UE5U94rKMDympyzRpPEYQZrOzVnZLoNIOT3_Uid1_1Pdc/s1600/muskturtle.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Location: </b>North America, Central America, and Northern South America (New World Only)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">24 + species </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Smallest Testudines</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Oblong, moderately domed carapace</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Large heads compared to body size</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Plastron commonly hinged</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Reduced plastron </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><10 epidermal marginal scutes </span></div>
<div>
Entoplastron sometimes present</div>
<div>
Generally aquatic</div>
<div>
Bottom walkers </div>
<div>
Hibernate on land </div>
<div>
Can forage on land </div>
<div>
Occupy underground retreats/nest communally </div>
<div>
Occasionally nest below vegetation </div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">5)</span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Testudinidae</b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white;">(Tortoises)</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8D8fUvjqmrr2F7A2g99gegSTbxDCeoGr6J4nvUOxVYucrBRj3qyusxVKpgArxOt5IcTK4SvOm-7bcZBLVdQ-pvQHP5Tu9hjprxfcpNeLdKdXjYiBnfuzGcTS6PTiZT50W25c4TDy4Im8/s1600/tortois.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8D8fUvjqmrr2F7A2g99gegSTbxDCeoGr6J4nvUOxVYucrBRj3qyusxVKpgArxOt5IcTK4SvOm-7bcZBLVdQ-pvQHP5Tu9hjprxfcpNeLdKdXjYiBnfuzGcTS6PTiZT50W25c4TDy4Im8/s1600/tortois.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Location: </b>North/South America, Galapagos, Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Europe, Asia, Indonesia </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">15 Genera, 45+ Species</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Almost all have domed shells </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Columnar/Elephantine feet</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Terrestrial (Desert, Grassland, Scrub)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100 days incubation to 18 months</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">
</span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Emydidae</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Cooters, Sliders, American Box Turtles)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> **two Testudine subfamilies within this Testudine family, Emydinae (Fig. 3) and Deirochelinae (Fig. 4)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;">
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHO3s1-fTP0NdEnFFEr54SQ7RPxb66AgH0YMXa1XJuAo2TKn_wSatha9reKqjLfONZMTKg9407OHsH6ddp3ls02eGbkfA4LeDx1WOrqHzySDSwlFSv43fQ-iTFbyL2JcS_m9swjZrc_Ts/s1600/spotted+turtle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHO3s1-fTP0NdEnFFEr54SQ7RPxb66AgH0YMXa1XJuAo2TKn_wSatha9reKqjLfONZMTKg9407OHsH6ddp3ls02eGbkfA4LeDx1WOrqHzySDSwlFSv43fQ-iTFbyL2JcS_m9swjZrc_Ts/s1600/spotted+turtle.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 3: </span><b>Subfamily:</b> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Emydinae, <b>Genus: </b><i>Clemmys</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1b8l8PDayKAbHmaIKIWFU2raCs4D8_a7Scn4vHyun4KuWVGKsfxV2Ut1fx8_slPw41xkHfcaeks5Sa0OS4qA1ZpTrbF_7Bw2tWTT0qxUZE4q4j3sDNlm4GufYX6iT3nqW15XuZAeQpuY/s1600/Map+turtle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1b8l8PDayKAbHmaIKIWFU2raCs4D8_a7Scn4vHyun4KuWVGKsfxV2Ut1fx8_slPw41xkHfcaeks5Sa0OS4qA1ZpTrbF_7Bw2tWTT0qxUZE4q4j3sDNlm4GufYX6iT3nqW15XuZAeQpuY/s1600/Map+turtle.jpg" height="194" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 4: </span><b>Subfamily: </b>Deirochelinae <b>Genus: </b><i>Graptemys</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Location: </b>North America, Central America, Parts of South America, Europe, Asia, North Africa</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">42 species</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Medium Sized Turtles</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Plastron large, occasionally hinged</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Semi-aquatic/terrestrial</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sexual Dimorphism common (females 2X larger than males)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Omnivores or strongly herbivorous </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Two Subfamilies:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1)<b> Emydinae:</b> conservative diets, diversity of habitats, some plastrons hinged </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2) <b>Deirochelinae: </b>Diversity of diets, conservative habitats, aquatic, diet specialists, epipubes do not ossify </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-size: large;">Testudine Anatomy</span></span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Skeletons of Testudines are the most
unique skeletons of any other type of reptile, because of the presence of a
sell structure. The shell structure is formed by two main skeletal
structures, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>carapace</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>plastron</b>. The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>carapace </b>(Fig. 5 & 6) is formed of
broadly expanded and fused ribs and vertebrae in the trunk region, as well as a
layer of dermal bones that span the spaces between these bones. The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>plastron</b> </span>(Fig. 5 & 6) <span style="font-family: inherit;">is composed of
several paired bones that are remnants of the sternal elements and perhaps the
gastralia. Positioned within the shell structure are the pectoral girdle
and forelimb, and the pelvic girdle and hind limb. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b> Bones of the Carapace: </b></span>(Fig. 5 & 6)<b style="font-family: inherit;"> Bones of the Plastron: </b>(Fig. 5 & 6)</div>
<div class="" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Nuchal
Epiplastron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Peripheral
Endoplastron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Neural
Hyoplastron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Costal
Mesoplastron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Suprapygal
Hypoplastron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Pygal
Xiphilplastron <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbdgUSLHGPvFwxBtpiu6fucMwVGHr-yiCTjkh19hsLGZD_dJbrN4HqX6mm_6LvoqN6T_XpypEXFLrf47CTgPW8dVVp1Su8tx8XZGJ0xODqDTwVdQv7FCBn-R9UNKRQRppE0U8lPK8fBk/s1600/carapace+and+plastron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbdgUSLHGPvFwxBtpiu6fucMwVGHr-yiCTjkh19hsLGZD_dJbrN4HqX6mm_6LvoqN6T_XpypEXFLrf47CTgPW8dVVp1Su8tx8XZGJ0xODqDTwVdQv7FCBn-R9UNKRQRppE0U8lPK8fBk/s1600/carapace+and+plastron.jpg" height="368" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 5:</span> Bones of Carapace and Plastron </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL7cnIA0JDs0kUaMmnlWWENKCUXmyFdskUvroQI7-E6w_wq_OgooqA5kCXsa9xYaOqpxB9bPtuyrn4qkd4qUckoFUOGztgEC_fi9UiKLJHWTc4eOs5y3dJIE7CbqByeD70sCVr1Y6iHsA/s1600/bones+of+carapace+and+plastron.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL7cnIA0JDs0kUaMmnlWWENKCUXmyFdskUvroQI7-E6w_wq_OgooqA5kCXsa9xYaOqpxB9bPtuyrn4qkd4qUckoFUOGztgEC_fi9UiKLJHWTc4eOs5y3dJIE7CbqByeD70sCVr1Y6iHsA/s1600/bones+of+carapace+and+plastron.png" height="320" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 6: </span>Bones of Carapace and Plastron examined in Lab 2: Testudines<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Overlaying the bony skeleton of Testudines
is a thin layer of epidermis. This epidermis produced large plate-like
scale, referred to as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>scutes </b>(Fig. 7 & 8).
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
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<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<b>Scutes of the Carapace </b>(Fig. 7 & 8)<b>: Scutes of the Plastron </b>(Fig. 7 & 8)<b>:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Cervical Intergular <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Marginal Gular <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Supramarginal Axillary <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Vertebral Humeral<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Pleural Pectoral <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="margin: 0in;">
Abdominal<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif;"> Inframarginal</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif;"> Inguinal</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif;"> Femoral</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif;"> Anal</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLVAGpyDbvB-ZrfNjtevqzLomAN_S75CkurH_s3WCHYTmZKSUR3Fp2RSaHKpp8L4ppInO2pYZZa5GB13RtO6CJqG5Jd-HXN4LWegsHuZH-QfZq6DvQyvX88tJwt4IlA5b6Eu3k-_kFkps/s1600/scutes+of+carapace+plastron.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLVAGpyDbvB-ZrfNjtevqzLomAN_S75CkurH_s3WCHYTmZKSUR3Fp2RSaHKpp8L4ppInO2pYZZa5GB13RtO6CJqG5Jd-HXN4LWegsHuZH-QfZq6DvQyvX88tJwt4IlA5b6Eu3k-_kFkps/s1600/scutes+of+carapace+plastron.png" height="334" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 7:</span> Scutes of the Carapace and Plastron </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4pO3ghxK_Kb5vfdNNfMemevUWN4OE4Y36AHs5eG1IofiaAPwj1MQ9CQ83km_qq5nYiVmhOGDYfcIfjQrnBuclHMcWVJSHQUn0HtV8jzxQzrDM728kGW5ZDSUVQb_WYwd3IKErXlJwNTM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2980.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4pO3ghxK_Kb5vfdNNfMemevUWN4OE4Y36AHs5eG1IofiaAPwj1MQ9CQ83km_qq5nYiVmhOGDYfcIfjQrnBuclHMcWVJSHQUn0HtV8jzxQzrDM728kGW5ZDSUVQb_WYwd3IKErXlJwNTM/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2980.JPG" height="446" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 8:</span> Scutes of the Carapace and Plastron examined in Lab 2: Testudine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b>Girdle of Testudine </b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh65o-3fI8KUpf33FoSaDPI9L_EUOG_CtZQcTW1L-W_xcnkVlW03NXGQRd9BGhX9a7KXYDjZ3PvO_ylFWwahTpdj1tg8gxxHK6N-e28VBsbq1BNhIkA03kigQqJIj8sjhKY77P3FFHZIwE/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2988.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh65o-3fI8KUpf33FoSaDPI9L_EUOG_CtZQcTW1L-W_xcnkVlW03NXGQRd9BGhX9a7KXYDjZ3PvO_ylFWwahTpdj1tg8gxxHK6N-e28VBsbq1BNhIkA03kigQqJIj8sjhKY77P3FFHZIwE/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2988.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG2IromAAC7CmIo37XreYfBtjYibdtP0tDofH0OcCYxpDITPsKSITXpAIxClSTJk8ptSKiJ3LKFW810o1uJYRQEBfoEXpZ_wFctAadhrTTuKLVwKmssdjBO8od1jSaa4bvMMF-W9XOdpg/s1600/pelvic+girdle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG2IromAAC7CmIo37XreYfBtjYibdtP0tDofH0OcCYxpDITPsKSITXpAIxClSTJk8ptSKiJ3LKFW810o1uJYRQEBfoEXpZ_wFctAadhrTTuKLVwKmssdjBO8od1jSaa4bvMMF-W9XOdpg/s1600/pelvic+girdle.png" height="281" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 9:</span> Pelvic Girdle of Testudine </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUUlZdr_qUqagSxdtqPpsMNFm0iaUM44x2iJ55SG0nKV-4SUTsQ95KA9J149rJI9zkKJYMlrus8LlxCQTi2FEmDYiUE8UEjuo0tSnP85zRPKgBJ1bPORWa01W5XlLDKvjU7py894D6rc/s1600/pectoral+girdle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUUlZdr_qUqagSxdtqPpsMNFm0iaUM44x2iJ55SG0nKV-4SUTsQ95KA9J149rJI9zkKJYMlrus8LlxCQTi2FEmDYiUE8UEjuo0tSnP85zRPKgBJ1bPORWa01W5XlLDKvjU7py894D6rc/s1600/pectoral+girdle.png" height="266" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 10: </span>Pectoral Girdle of Testudine </td></tr>
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<!--[endif]--><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Testudine Skull</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXcc1D0CdfQ6bnh0XBNLEf9pmALJb4AABmvQkEe-LBht4Mr18MnY3K67cnaCoyk8b7u7qdCJcDgU5Wktpi-TDX4NFeGXfJd9nxa8HCUmhEQiNgKTZRBfwpiYs-0aAAC6zXvj66MPE6wcU/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2966.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXcc1D0CdfQ6bnh0XBNLEf9pmALJb4AABmvQkEe-LBht4Mr18MnY3K67cnaCoyk8b7u7qdCJcDgU5Wktpi-TDX4NFeGXfJd9nxa8HCUmhEQiNgKTZRBfwpiYs-0aAAC6zXvj66MPE6wcU/s1600/Copy+of+IMG_2966.JPG" height="320" width="286" /></a><br />
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Testudines have the skull condition known as an Anapsid skull (Fig. 11 &12). Although Testudines demonstrate the Anapsid skull condition, many Testudine species have a deep temporal emargination on the posterior margin of the skull. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1xLs07CU2ZNpnXMJCVTQdSI6CWyhkS74NdejxbprxTs4GCLmXxlQxdaNMnEEarNwo1SP0e6o2gdjMbL-wW6Ua4jgXcF0kIffjKZMzeUWvE8GXN2pX2y4uaDaf_Cjtyn8e_hAft6j88k/s1600/skull+pictures.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1xLs07CU2ZNpnXMJCVTQdSI6CWyhkS74NdejxbprxTs4GCLmXxlQxdaNMnEEarNwo1SP0e6o2gdjMbL-wW6Ua4jgXcF0kIffjKZMzeUWvE8GXN2pX2y4uaDaf_Cjtyn8e_hAft6j88k/s1600/skull+pictures.png" height="400" width="387" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 11: </span>Anatomy of Testudine Skulls examined in Lab 2: Testudines</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRN21_vvwseWZlOAr3tAG_aSLM5F7G11Xts7hpdnpm5cWYdxn8f8L2qPB8fwiIwv0FFrpvFtv1pzNYiA42WObNg9GVI-MwSZQh46SxJWT3jy7BahWHReDwtzN9I-ZqCSlCcOZbn9zdv3w/s1600/skulls.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRN21_vvwseWZlOAr3tAG_aSLM5F7G11Xts7hpdnpm5cWYdxn8f8L2qPB8fwiIwv0FFrpvFtv1pzNYiA42WObNg9GVI-MwSZQh46SxJWT3jy7BahWHReDwtzN9I-ZqCSlCcOZbn9zdv3w/s1600/skulls.png" height="400" width="318" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 12:</span> Skull Anatomy of Testudine</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Reproduction</b></span></div>
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Exhibit internal fertilization</div>
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Direct Development of embryos inside a cleidoic egg</div>
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Shell is hard or pliable and composed of calcium carbonate shell units </div>
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All are Oviparous</div>
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<b>Males</b></div>
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1.Typically have a concave or slightly concave plastron to prevent them from sliding off females (Fig. 13)</div>
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2. Males typically have longer forelimb claws (Fig. 14)</div>
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3. Males have a very large copulatory organ, the intromittent organ, its purpose is like a penis to transfer sperm (Fig. 15)</div>
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A good way to tell difference between male and female Testudines is by examining the tail. Males tales will be fatter and more robust than the females, and when the tail is gently straightened, the cloaca will be exposed, clearly behind the posterior edge of the carapace, while the female cloaca is positioned at or before the posterior edge of the carapace (Fig. 16).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWEku0OEK7TOXuROPrYfeT-bM6nxhD4Mwea98qng8ladPvskFTlvMWTUpGYJdzZEGlA5pICGT7Mr_gEPJZe4yYq9HlHrI2jbTthVX1dueX2lA5X_5K1i-DqGWJ34IbWwzFNXEPeSK0qpw/s1600/males+vs.+females.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWEku0OEK7TOXuROPrYfeT-bM6nxhD4Mwea98qng8ladPvskFTlvMWTUpGYJdzZEGlA5pICGT7Mr_gEPJZe4yYq9HlHrI2jbTthVX1dueX2lA5X_5K1i-DqGWJ34IbWwzFNXEPeSK0qpw/s1600/males+vs.+females.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 13:</span> Comparison of Male Testudine and Female Testudine Carapaces</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMQW7F82A4oXWib2Lo0w6NMhiQ2Y5dEwAg_qvDjg1cX6TdWgqtLEjKX5yq3vJB94B-jlYNfRrVzCbPAJcK7QmIrkWEPl6wWoqfk-2__A8v4aBuqHE7r190FTymYM7zEceZ6YPIOpQfiE/s1600/long+nails.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMQW7F82A4oXWib2Lo0w6NMhiQ2Y5dEwAg_qvDjg1cX6TdWgqtLEjKX5yq3vJB94B-jlYNfRrVzCbPAJcK7QmIrkWEPl6wWoqfk-2__A8v4aBuqHE7r190FTymYM7zEceZ6YPIOpQfiE/s1600/long+nails.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 14:</span> Presence of Longer Forelimbs on Male Testudines </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFkLHQapOYg39ggks3zXDda7LAbXhPgHmdQpwCdLGdYFY40bHrOd32is_ED7BfGqf2ZmoDyIO61LXrKzpwWrg1LXkmuZdiJWBE40Z0XmIwpaEl8rkxT-X4YCC9_4qifq5O7G75cNDpJQ/s1600/repro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFkLHQapOYg39ggks3zXDda7LAbXhPgHmdQpwCdLGdYFY40bHrOd32is_ED7BfGqf2ZmoDyIO61LXrKzpwWrg1LXkmuZdiJWBE40Z0XmIwpaEl8rkxT-X4YCC9_4qifq5O7G75cNDpJQ/s1600/repro.jpg" height="320" width="274" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 15: </span>Presence of <span style="font-size: x-small;">Intromittent Organ in Testudines</span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgavoZfwnZTxXrfqfUhtxKhVY2DlbEYTHkAvEe6nLfMIgTWW1kIF6c15xz98OBeElt3ffBGH4yPzpugrCQEzNNI3fAFzTsPChAR6Qnt2wnP-GepY74p3SFxIrbEpciCCHRF_NWBIW50H4o/s1600/snapwef.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgavoZfwnZTxXrfqfUhtxKhVY2DlbEYTHkAvEe6nLfMIgTWW1kIF6c15xz98OBeElt3ffBGH4yPzpugrCQEzNNI3fAFzTsPChAR6Qnt2wnP-GepY74p3SFxIrbEpciCCHRF_NWBIW50H4o/s1600/snapwef.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Figure 16:</span> Male <i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Chelydra </i><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">(Visual of </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Cloaca </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Posterior to Carapace)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Arrow here point to the exposed cloaca, based off the position, this is a male <i>Chelydra </i>(common snapping turtle)</div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ohio Diversity of Testudines </span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chelydra serpentina </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Common Snapping Turtle)</span></b><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kinosternidae (Mud & Musk Turtles):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sternotherus odoratus</span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (Stinkpot Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Trionychidae (Soft-Shell Turtles):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apalone spinifera </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Spiny
Softshell Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apalone mutica </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Smooth
Softshell Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Emydidae (Cooters, Sliders, American
Box Turtles & Allies):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chrysemys picta marginata</span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (Midland Painted Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Clemmys guttata </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Spotted
Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Emydoidea blandingii</span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (Blanding’s Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Graptemys geographica </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Map Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Graptemys pseudogeographica</span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (False Map Turtle)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pseudemys concinna </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Hieroglyphica River Cooter)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Terrapene carolina </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Eastern Box
Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Trachemys scripta </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(Red-Eared
Slider)</span></b></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DexiYCL7QY8/UuGlBhTaqUI/AAAAAAAAAV0/x534PIH8laM/s1600/Lizard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DexiYCL7QY8/UuGlBhTaqUI/AAAAAAAAAV0/x534PIH8laM/s1600/Lizard.jpg" height="167" width="400" /></a></div>
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In this lab we learned about characteristics of reptile eggs and development, as well as the basic anatomy of their integument and skeletal system.</div>
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<h3>
<b>Eggs, embryos and development:</b></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1. Amniote egg showing extra-embryonic membranes and shell</td></tr>
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One evolutionary change of the clade Amniota is the cleidoic egg. Some key features of this egg are the presence of extra-embryonic membranes and a hard shell. The shell is made of units of calcium carbonate which can vary in thickness and hardness. These "units" are interspersed with pores which allows for gas exchange. Within the amniote egg are the chorion (just inside hard shell), amnion (surrounds embryo), allantois (collects nitrogenous wastes) and yolk (provides nutrition to the developing embryo) (Fig. 1). Other important features of the reptile egg are the chalaza, albumin and air cell (Fig. 2).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-afxs20prtzs/UuBTxx51PRI/AAAAAAAAATY/1S_uq0_2VMs/s1600/Egg+with+labels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-afxs20prtzs/UuBTxx51PRI/AAAAAAAAATY/1S_uq0_2VMs/s1600/Egg+with+labels.jpg" height="249" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2. Amniote egg showing more detailed internal anatomy.</td></tr>
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Reptiles are oviparous (in which young hatch from eggs) and less commonly ovoviviparous (in which eggs are retained inside the mother until young are ready to hatch). Additionally, they exhibit internal fertilization and direct development in which young are born as miniature versions of the adults. Breaking out of the hard shelled egg is a challenge which hatchlings overcome with an egg tooth, or protuberance at the tip of the snout which is lost shortly after they emerge from their shell (Fig. 3). <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7zxVwNV05Y/UuBZxD_YrBI/AAAAAAAAATo/UkTY6DcGp_4/s1600/New+Picture+(14).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7zxVwNV05Y/UuBZxD_YrBI/AAAAAAAAATo/UkTY6DcGp_4/s1600/New+Picture+(14).png" height="169" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3. Example of an egg tooth on a tortoise hatchling.</td></tr>
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<h3>
<b>Integument (skin and scales):</b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wOz-_2OBIvw/UuGYkh70oGI/AAAAAAAAAVU/PCTeuL7NwF4/s1600/Integument.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wOz-_2OBIvw/UuGYkh70oGI/AAAAAAAAAVU/PCTeuL7NwF4/s1600/Integument.jpg" height="215" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4. Histological section of reptile skin. Photo by Meghan Kelley.</td></tr>
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Reptile skin is thick, rough and impermeable to gases and water. In general, reptile skin can be divided into layers: Stratum corneum (outermost layer composed of dead cells), Stratum germinativum (basal layer of epidermis; living cells) and the dermis (with nerves, blood vessels and adipose tissue) (Fig. 4). Most reptiles shed their skin regularly as they grow. During this process, the superficial layers of the stratum corneum (beta keratin and alpha keratin) are lost. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xr34DRXLBOc/UuBtoHkCcYI/AAAAAAAAAUU/JXqWDhuPI_s/s1600/Scale+Types.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xr34DRXLBOc/UuBtoHkCcYI/AAAAAAAAAUU/JXqWDhuPI_s/s1600/Scale+Types.jpg" height="272" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 5. Examples of scale types.</td></tr>
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Most reptiles have a tough layer of scales covering the body surface which can have a variety of characteristics. Some examples include: small rectangular scales which are either longer than
wide or vice versa (often found on the ventral surface) (Fig. 5A), granular scales which appear small
and circular (Fig. 5B), imbricate
keeled mucronate scales (overlapping, with prominent ridges down the center and tapering
off to a V-shape or point posteriorly) (Fig. 5C), and imbricate cycloid scales (overlapping and rounded) (Fig. 5D). Femoral pores and pre-cloacal glands are most often found on male
lizards and secrete a waxy substance used for scent marking and chemical
communication with the opposite sex (Fig. 6A). Additionally some snakes have scales with small pores called apical pits (Fig. 6B).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c9OOetEjTIs/UuBt5MoWiHI/AAAAAAAAAUc/5myVuifvfew/s1600/Pits+&+pores.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c9OOetEjTIs/UuBt5MoWiHI/AAAAAAAAAUc/5myVuifvfew/s1600/Pits+&+pores.jpg" height="390" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 6. Femoral pores (A) and apical pits (B).</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2dqIRdfLLbY/UuByZGIag2I/AAAAAAAAAUo/gBVvL1PUYOI/s1600/dorsalScales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2dqIRdfLLbY/UuByZGIag2I/AAAAAAAAAUo/gBVvL1PUYOI/s1600/dorsalScales.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 7. Three methods of counting dorsal scales on snakes.</td></tr>
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In addition to the dorsal and ventral scales shown above, reptiles have unique scale types covering the head. Species can be differentiated by the placement, size and number of dorsal, ventral or head scales. There are several techniques used for counting dorsal scales in snakes, all of which give the same result (See Fig. 7). Some commonly counted head scales are shown in the image below (Fig. 8). For more detailed descriptions of these scales: </div>
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<a href="http://people.whitman.edu/%7Eclarkedn/characterglossary.html">http://people.whitman.edu/~clarkedn/characterglossary.html </a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-imZc30wKIbI/UuBpCxgRDmI/AAAAAAAAAUI/HhA-MB1u_yE/s1600/New+Picture+(18).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-imZc30wKIbI/UuBpCxgRDmI/AAAAAAAAAUI/HhA-MB1u_yE/s1600/New+Picture+(18).png" height="270" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 8<span id="goog_1052564959"></span><span id="goog_1052564960"></span>. Head scales of a typical non-venomous snake.</td></tr>
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<b> </b></h3>
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<b>Skeleton: </b></h3>
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As tetrapods, reptiles have a more robust skeleton for structural support and locomotion in a terrestrial habitat. The post-cranial skeleton is composed of the vertebral column, ribs, pectoral & pelvic girdles and their associated limbs (See Fig. 9). The vertebrae of reptiles (and other amniotes) are unique because the centra and neural arches are fused, which provides structural support for locomotion on land. In addition, they have an atlas-axis complex which allows for greater mobility of the head and neck.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N68jn8EXNYM/UuGYkiA-OjI/AAAAAAAAAVY/S-z7WMg7IHM/s1600/Post-cranial+skeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N68jn8EXNYM/UuGYkiA-OjI/AAAAAAAAAVY/S-z7WMg7IHM/s1600/Post-cranial+skeleton.jpg" height="162" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 9. Appendicular skeleton of Crocodylian.</td></tr>
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One way to study the skeletal elements of small vertebrates is by a method called clearing and staining. In this method, you skin and eviscerate the organism and add chemicals which cause the soft tissues to become clear and jelly-like. Then the cartilage is stained blue and the bones are stained red, resulting in a fully visible, articulated skeleton (Fig. 10).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DnMmYwvI_TY/UuB7JnX7MUI/AAAAAAAAAU4/QxZwi-cMZkc/s1600/C&S.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DnMmYwvI_TY/UuB7JnX7MUI/AAAAAAAAAU4/QxZwi-cMZkc/s1600/C&S.jpg" height="186" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 10. Cleared and stained specimens.</td></tr>
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. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IGv4pED_gy8/UuGcBMlAcWI/AAAAAAAAAVk/vDn25PIfTXs/s1600/fenestration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IGv4pED_gy8/UuGcBMlAcWI/AAAAAAAAAVk/vDn25PIfTXs/s1600/fenestration.jpg" height="244" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 11. Patterns of temporal fenestration.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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An important trend in the cranial anatomy of Amniotes is the modification of the skull structure to lighten and strengthen the skull and allow for modification of muscle mass. These changes were made possible by the presence and position of the temporal fenestrae. The anapsid condition (seen in turtles, Fig. 11A) is lacking fenestrae, synapsids (mammals, Fig. 11B) have only one subtemporal fenestra, and the diapsid condition (seen in most other reptiles, Fig. 11C) exhibits two openings in the temporal region of the skull. Common bones found in the diapsid skull are indicated in Fig. 12. An additional condition, called euryapsid, had one supratemporal opening, however these clades are extinct. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2segZa_84oM/UuGblOlly-I/AAAAAAAAAVg/nfE-SS27Wy0/s1600/croc+skull.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2segZa_84oM/UuGblOlly-I/AAAAAAAAAVg/nfE-SS27Wy0/s1600/croc+skull.png" height="320" width="247" /> </a></td><td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 12. Bones of the Crocodylian skull.</td></tr>
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KJ and JT<br />
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<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-91861305653861573032014-01-22T20:18:00.000-05:002014-01-24T13:03:24.338-05:00Laboratory #1: General Anatomy of Reptiles by Alex and Julie (17 January 2014)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Welcome to Reptilia!</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNygDkSTrSXqoapIaFViup0whN9kzgdfH568TiPtv_wbSa4iMzH5oAZJQtk3NE4Vaxde_mMo4rUV5m3VmcBFPAS1MqDCXtOB52UMX-RoyIKDIKPmJ1CWAIaUv24wYN-htJXrr38Efn4vPY/s1600/image_10.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNygDkSTrSXqoapIaFViup0whN9kzgdfH568TiPtv_wbSa4iMzH5oAZJQtk3NE4Vaxde_mMo4rUV5m3VmcBFPAS1MqDCXtOB52UMX-RoyIKDIKPmJ1CWAIaUv24wYN-htJXrr38Efn4vPY/s1600/image_10.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Background: </b>Today’s lab was an overall
introduction to the basic anatomical features that unite the reptilian clade. The
reproductive, developmental, integumentary, and skeletal adaptations required
to exploit terrestrial environments were a central theme of this lab.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Eggs, Embryos, and Reproduction</span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Cleidoic
Eggs </b></span></h3>
</li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbawinrL6SA061IaGvxSpME5LvaEm7hSIEMQm_-OPSz5SIhZ7-SAfZthbSEN-kPszlkC_pngTPYk8VPXGvgDqkkPGYumzm8emtrY86H2NmrNjK0o-0kAHoux-TGHO5WOn_KTgtJNvVyN3E/s1600/egg+diversity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbawinrL6SA061IaGvxSpME5LvaEm7hSIEMQm_-OPSz5SIhZ7-SAfZthbSEN-kPszlkC_pngTPYk8VPXGvgDqkkPGYumzm8emtrY86H2NmrNjK0o-0kAHoux-TGHO5WOn_KTgtJNvVyN3E/s1600/egg+diversity.jpg" height="236" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There is a great diversity of egg sizes and hardness, which is due in
part to the organization of the calcium carbonate shell units and the degree of porosity
created by that organization. For example, some eggs are soft and
flexible like the ping-pong ball-shaped snapping turtle eggs, while
others are rigid-shelled like the dark emu egg.</td></tr>
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</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
order for some early tetrapods to complete the transition to an exclusively terrestrial lifestyle, a method of reproduction that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protected eggs from desiccation and gravity </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">was required</span>. These abiotic
challenges were met by changing from aquatic, soft-shelled, externally
fertilized anamniotic eggs (as seen in most amphibians) to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">internally fertilized</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard-shelled</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cleidoic eggs</b> (as seen in Amniota). </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOpdnTGGfiEtWxqki_fgo0bTVhJWZV3sdgCPi2clY21DlbI5hDCMfUf3Cndf7MscQ1x_XEkzw-jrVKwVGACa3u6ab8XVIb2ien0ccSBazypOcaBk8ej_HMoqCVR48lajQFWrIGNMda0AFh/s1600/Egg+membranes+book+figure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOpdnTGGfiEtWxqki_fgo0bTVhJWZV3sdgCPi2clY21DlbI5hDCMfUf3Cndf7MscQ1x_XEkzw-jrVKwVGACa3u6ab8XVIb2ien0ccSBazypOcaBk8ej_HMoqCVR48lajQFWrIGNMda0AFh/s1600/Egg+membranes+book+figure.jpg" height="184" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This figure from the Herpetology 4th ed. text book (p. 121) is a good visualization of the reptilian egg structure and highlights the extraembryonic membranes found in members of Amniota.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Amniotes are characterized by a cledoic
egg with extraembryonic membranes, which grow from the embryo.</b> These
extraembryonic membranes include the amnion, allantois, yolk, and chorion. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amnion </b>surrounds and protects the
developing embryo. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">allantois</b> is
considered the “waste basket” of the egg and segregates nitrogenous excretions
so the embryo can grow in an enclosed environment without poisoning itself. The
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">yolk</b> provides the embryo with
nutrients for growth and development. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chorion</b>
functions in the exchange of gases and water with the environment.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXDgNUT8BBGoa271eLlqFq0ps5JE-s7BFkZrALHPDMevt8Vh7NNCKqgZtXReM8E6VemqQC7iSLbK0QcflTGeccr3ao5HoRQyfxv8uMa-aIT5b_pl-7cbllemr4cEfAwXy0GR80gYkR76I/s1600/internal+egg+anatomy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXDgNUT8BBGoa271eLlqFq0ps5JE-s7BFkZrALHPDMevt8Vh7NNCKqgZtXReM8E6VemqQC7iSLbK0QcflTGeccr3ao5HoRQyfxv8uMa-aIT5b_pl-7cbllemr4cEfAwXy0GR80gYkR76I/s1600/internal+egg+anatomy.jpg" height="196" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Internal anatomy of a chicken egg. The </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">internal albumin</b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> immediately surrounds the yolk. Most of the albumin present is </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">middle albumin</b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, which is found between the internal and exterior albumin membranes. The </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">exterior albumin</b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> is difficult to see in the picture, but is the thinnest and furthest membrane from the yolk.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> A cracked chicken egg displays surprising structural complexity. <span style="line-height: 115%;">Th</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e nutritive yellow <b>yolk</b> is conspicuous and has two sections of white <b>chalaza</b> attached, which function in centering and providing support to the embryo. The multiple membranes of the <b>albumin</b> supply water and protect the developing embryo from mechanical stress. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTuPbjR0yx36FrPxg8zdqWF-ucGap7jk5__LwjwoDAeMdstShr7RkWBYfkSdpXLWar7Atn3W4-wca-TZSnBOWAGXHPGonJicHUDoiqBUxbxUiMG7MY0-7FEyBIORgmo0DQm__JWrmiM8/s1600/air+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTuPbjR0yx36FrPxg8zdqWF-ucGap7jk5__LwjwoDAeMdstShr7RkWBYfkSdpXLWar7Atn3W4-wca-TZSnBOWAGXHPGonJicHUDoiqBUxbxUiMG7MY0-7FEyBIORgmo0DQm__JWrmiM8/s1600/air+cell.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> With the benefit of a protective hard
shell came the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cost of reduced
permeability to gas and waste exchange</b>, which was easily achieved via
diffusion for anamniotic eggs in aquatic environments. In reptilian eggs, gas
exchange occurs through the <b>air cell</b>, which is present at the “rounded” end of
the egg. However, if gas exchange only occurred at one end of the egg, the
gases would need to diffuse the entire length of the egg, making the process
inefficient. Thus, the porous outer layer of the shell allows gas exchange to occur
over the entire surface of the egg. </span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></b></span><br />
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<br />
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Embryos
and Development</span></b></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDImyi_mYgUs0hvuJIT_uZ1wJ6NMQ-qIx9uYj8fvAOuG9MCNTNHE4aLTJbS0ru6sySsYBEWB1MDm2KZ9Fbju2xhpJP_b-fFGtjhu8QSdS5DaVCkYdpGc6_b_c0yd1XqOFxGO-cPGfKh9U6/s1600/embryo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDImyi_mYgUs0hvuJIT_uZ1wJ6NMQ-qIx9uYj8fvAOuG9MCNTNHE4aLTJbS0ru6sySsYBEWB1MDm2KZ9Fbju2xhpJP_b-fFGtjhu8QSdS5DaVCkYdpGc6_b_c0yd1XqOFxGO-cPGfKh9U6/s1600/embryo.jpg" height="196" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On the left is a stained <i>Chelydra serpentina</i> embryo showing cartilage (blue) and bone (red). On the right is a series of embryonic stages of <i>Trachemys scripta </i>(Greenbaum 2002).</span></td></tr>
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contrast to the free-living larvae of many amphibians that metamorphose into
adults in the process of indirect development, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reptiles exhibit direct development</b> from miniature versions of
adults that grow into full-size adults. The reptilian embryo undergoes various
developmental stages including chondrification, ossification of bones,
elaboration of face and sensory organs, and formation of the intestinal tract. The
above picture shows a turtle embryo that has been cleared of soft tissue
and double-stained, so that blue stain indicates the presence of cartilage,
while bone is stained red.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<li><h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Hatching</b></span></h3>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRdVE-r_M7TgpXva5fabTQN3ltG4NYJ16a3N4s7Ie7CE5Mmbmg6lP9aQ3Z_sOQxm-URE7vNUFiLG88PFbp8s3pqrltbVux69T8SXeZwiVfYpsYXn0DIdkeKNFldXC5OHE2T_AfrSVwGOLZ/s1600/egg+tooth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRdVE-r_M7TgpXva5fabTQN3ltG4NYJ16a3N4s7Ie7CE5Mmbmg6lP9aQ3Z_sOQxm-URE7vNUFiLG88PFbp8s3pqrltbVux69T8SXeZwiVfYpsYXn0DIdkeKNFldXC5OHE2T_AfrSVwGOLZ/s1600/egg+tooth.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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order for a young reptile to emerge from the egg, it must break through the
membranes and hard outer shell. A specialized structure called an <b>egg tooth</b>
helps young reptiles penetrate the shell. Some reptiles have an egg tooth that
is merely a protuberance extending from the snout. Alternately, in snakes and
lizards, the egg tooth is a true midline tooth that is lost after hatching. The
conspicuous bulge on the abdomen of the turtle specimen showing an egg tooth is
the remaining yolk of the egg. When turtles hatch from their eggs, they do not
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Integument</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<ul>
<li><h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Skin</span></b></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbu9VbicQE8mi8nInrDSOgECBaHol8so63REz4roPcWP425YJk7v2rsHsIUrRVLCjwToyEii4SroDMtaar29dhpSZZSqlHA7TimW6_EvFbcNgqjsqpxYb2Ty0jHa-I0Yl9rrLs08w2hwa0/s1600/2014-01-17+15.26.10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbu9VbicQE8mi8nInrDSOgECBaHol8so63REz4roPcWP425YJk7v2rsHsIUrRVLCjwToyEii4SroDMtaar29dhpSZZSqlHA7TimW6_EvFbcNgqjsqpxYb2Ty0jHa-I0Yl9rrLs08w2hwa0/s1600/2014-01-17+15.26.10.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some examples of shed snake skins.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When we think reptile skin, we
often think of scales. Reptiles have evolved skin that met the challenges that
came with terrestrial life such as gravity, friction, abrasion and evaporative
water loss. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reptile skin is actually
composed of three distinct layers, the stratum corneum, stratum germinativum,
and dermis.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFw22Ihbp9cYzKBfpaIsaJKH0G_Id6JOqxqG4OsD_RWDA-NQ3c9pnjJZxrcyalOJY42uxI4K4FMr25_iipv7q-m-vbyNsP1-1Sq06iNA6MSI9MANppE-nObyiE2wQtqx0hMjUtmy-BYIY/s1600/skin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFw22Ihbp9cYzKBfpaIsaJKH0G_Id6JOqxqG4OsD_RWDA-NQ3c9pnjJZxrcyalOJY42uxI4K4FMr25_iipv7q-m-vbyNsP1-1Sq06iNA6MSI9MANppE-nObyiE2wQtqx0hMjUtmy-BYIY/s1600/skin.jpg" height="127" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1) <b>Stratum corneum</b> – This is the outer most layer that is
comprised of dead cells arranged in alpha and beta keratin layers. A process
known as ecdysis allows the stratum corneum to be shed and replaced by an
identical new layer of cells beneath it. Snake sheds are a great example of
this process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2) <b>Stratum germinativum </b>– This is the layer of living cells
of the deep epidermis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3) <b>Dermis</b> – This is the layer of skin which contains nerves,
blood vessels and in some cases osteoderms. Osteoderms present in the dermis
can form a protective layer that is seen in some lizard, turtle and crocodile
species. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> It is through the folding of the dermis and epidermis that
scales form on the outer layer of the skin.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Scales</span></b></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkb11XCVxs1TaE6VDc0hyfCVdrTrAQx8NOAPdCQVjD_XCFWwTgoad-wXSrAiLMunLI2jbxQA3dZL1G5N9VXm6NMFiUMI1KnoLeqf6hkFS23j4wUYGQuOAvxANpi4m4Je4M-ftUgMBfoxpU/s1600/scales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkb11XCVxs1TaE6VDc0hyfCVdrTrAQx8NOAPdCQVjD_XCFWwTgoad-wXSrAiLMunLI2jbxQA3dZL1G5N9VXm6NMFiUMI1KnoLeqf6hkFS23j4wUYGQuOAvxANpi4m4Je4M-ftUgMBfoxpU/s1600/scales.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The specimen on the left has rectangular, juxtaposed scales on its ventrum, while the beaded lizard has bead-like scales covering its body.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Often, reptiles have multiple types
of scales covering their body. There are various terms used to describe the specific
type of scale: <b>cycloid scales</b> – scales with a rounded edge, <b>granular</b> – appear
like tiny beads,<b> keeled</b> – prominent ridge running down the center, <b>mucronate</b> - terminate in a pointed "V" shape, <b>rectangular</b> - scales that appear longer than wide. There
are also terms used to describe the position of the scales: <b>dorsal scales </b>- covering the upper body surface, <b>ventral scales </b>- covering the lower body surface, <b>subcaudal scales</b> - on the underside of the tail, <b>juxtaposed</b> –
placed adjacent to one another, and <b>imbricate</b> – those scales overlapping
like shingles. Snake-specific scale terms include <b>anal scales</b>, which appear as a flap-like cover on or near the cloaca, and <b>apical pits</b>, which are small pits found near the edge or center of the scale. Additionally, there are modified <b>lamellae</b> scales, which are associated with the fingers or toes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8DZqu0Gdk_D3VwrxsiOuKaKBltMBQzq9E0eMNQwDUp-8sW3sxDvnij22nqKkA5sWRDsT1BiEnoCB82CmIypREsEonkNRCj9BxPPMLNLVOvFoGruudjo3z3yTmPHS8LZ3Lcqcqg1lqiyZO/s1600/image.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8DZqu0Gdk_D3VwrxsiOuKaKBltMBQzq9E0eMNQwDUp-8sW3sxDvnij22nqKkA5sWRDsT1BiEnoCB82CmIypREsEonkNRCj9BxPPMLNLVOvFoGruudjo3z3yTmPHS8LZ3Lcqcqg1lqiyZO/s1600/image.jpeg" height="320" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> It is important to understand that when describing scales
multiple terms are often applied, for example, a specimen can have “imbricate
keeled mucronate scales” (as exhibited by the specimen pictured above). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz87m6MuoAAhPXXtpaDQtZyGqlBex7LRPFpXaPTp1t_-EZ-jXRtGOfW9EQJL-Gqyr9ekhx8mkKcc1nQnShbt3McrX9QerpJiQi2ONI0YtIW94pS1RTN7txMohl_IPmsJamLXnPQ3nOeMk/s1600/snake+scales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz87m6MuoAAhPXXtpaDQtZyGqlBex7LRPFpXaPTp1t_-EZ-jXRtGOfW9EQJL-Gqyr9ekhx8mkKcc1nQnShbt3McrX9QerpJiQi2ONI0YtIW94pS1RTN7txMohl_IPmsJamLXnPQ3nOeMk/s1600/snake+scales.jpg" height="157" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Further, reptiles can have different scale types of different parts of the body. Particular attention is given to the scales of the head of snakes and lizards. Scales and scale pits (snakes) are often used as identifying
characteristics, with specific methods of counting employed to differentiate taxa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpg68tss8P1KGXYafpJ3gwU8kaBWblMIhixS1mmhF2XVeJYRlms-onOy8hPiKWJgCW45HDwy1ac5gD5tL1oVbIvAY3ML7LtS7QpTC0boA7-kzhgSKZYnLjXDHZN7efOQnjjDnXnxjNV43g/s1600/scutes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFrdlOyTj10VmgfX7ItBoi7oiqwUR6qdobT86FeO7eSFAE3je88EfswnC9I83jEiDPDqxgSTfI7bAkZmtUe4RtQiFozj4YG7VD6IZ0xqEgd-byBa6jWoYQTdqDnCdEI6HjQfDokaU-zjo/s1600/scutes2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFrdlOyTj10VmgfX7ItBoi7oiqwUR6qdobT86FeO7eSFAE3je88EfswnC9I83jEiDPDqxgSTfI7bAkZmtUe4RtQiFozj4YG7VD6IZ0xqEgd-byBa6jWoYQTdqDnCdEI6HjQfDokaU-zjo/s1600/scutes2.jpg" height="152" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://www.inthehills.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/painted-turtle-plastron-lower-shell-.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The <b>carapace</b> (upper bony shell) and the <b>plastron</b> (ventral bony
plate) of turtles are covered by scutes that are made of keratin<b>.</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Glands</b> </span></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyr4V2h3JKqJnMgVfv98lcs3p-SCP88IIY57nmlJ6-jLPjn5D-OmQOcMtvz0s3UxDDK6ZJgezSbIeIuFwthhED556oJNLQJO0BPiVdFgXaSCKAMOVaEjp5byjArIw8uVM1CapglkoDaRzM/s1600/femoral+pores.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyr4V2h3JKqJnMgVfv98lcs3p-SCP88IIY57nmlJ6-jLPjn5D-OmQOcMtvz0s3UxDDK6ZJgezSbIeIuFwthhED556oJNLQJO0BPiVdFgXaSCKAMOVaEjp5byjArIw8uVM1CapglkoDaRzM/s1600/femoral+pores.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(<a href="http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/images/cbicinctoresmaleimppb06cloa.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Compared to our amphibian friends,
reptiles have fewer glands in the skin that are visible to the naked eye.
<b>Femoral or precloacal glands</b> are typically seen in males, and if these glands
are present on females they are noticeably smaller. Femoral glands are used to emit a waxy secretion used for communication between sexes. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Skeleton</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">General Regions</span></b></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz0kuoo6UmsbzDZfHn-KBxK3rCLm9feqsBnKF3hsCM8lHrPMyRHaYW9dirZvyFPrXkrmUCX-I2wITBoKwMjLxXIrjygZtX1W5C5SpbperKJ0I-tcMFaUb7AS_Ozl3TL4o0RVexH3ML1Tf/s1600/skeleton+reptile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz0kuoo6UmsbzDZfHn-KBxK3rCLm9feqsBnKF3hsCM8lHrPMyRHaYW9dirZvyFPrXkrmUCX-I2wITBoKwMjLxXIrjygZtX1W5C5SpbperKJ0I-tcMFaUb7AS_Ozl3TL4o0RVexH3ML1Tf/s1600/skeleton+reptile.jpg" height="198" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(<a href="http://dinosaurpalaeo.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/amnh-alligator.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Reptiles can demonstrate
morphological variation within the skeleton. However, in terms of general skeletal
regions, most reptiles exhibit elements of a typical tetrapod skeleton. Some of
the notable features include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1) <b>Atlas – Axis complex</b>: the first two vertebrae of the
<b>cervical region</b> allowing for the movement of the head in all directions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2) <b>Dorsal/trunk region</b>: some of these vertebrae attach to
ribs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3)<b> Sacral region</b>: vertebrae that interact with the ilium of
the pelvic girdle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3)<b> Caudal region</b>: the vertebrae of the tail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDKL04I5t9j3t3z51VDPYn-Y78ZTDm-z6QgeuupUDn5OScauizhlLwNl02VzkhY1WFtJMIGv86y99ZLgEfuya9hngL6R2qWnjVJ5wmlW6Pu4Ac7OSVmHbb2BhbnscLLykmkyDV5S8PEp4/s1600/girdles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDKL04I5t9j3t3z51VDPYn-Y78ZTDm-z6QgeuupUDn5OScauizhlLwNl02VzkhY1WFtJMIGv86y99ZLgEfuya9hngL6R2qWnjVJ5wmlW6Pu4Ac7OSVmHbb2BhbnscLLykmkyDV5S8PEp4/s1600/girdles.jpg" height="320" width="302" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4)<b> Pelvic and pectoral girdles</b> along with their respective
limbs. The development of a robust set of girdles was critical for supporting
weight and allowing for locomotion on land.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Skull</b></span></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuSd73ByO0H2FQJmml1X3-m-Tndum_ziQO_yzxymqPrGypckoIJ8ie3gz3M2BFkkZtiC42pyL6ZVO-QXl941n9Oj5mfk4TbKNijsOuGpcMyphqz4E5YSc2WsN4wn1oHUP2Fvv9k415XaU/s1600/dv+skull+anatomy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuSd73ByO0H2FQJmml1X3-m-Tndum_ziQO_yzxymqPrGypckoIJ8ie3gz3M2BFkkZtiC42pyL6ZVO-QXl941n9Oj5mfk4TbKNijsOuGpcMyphqz4E5YSc2WsN4wn1oHUP2Fvv9k415XaU/s1600/dv+skull+anatomy.jpg" height="400" width="368" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Overall
trends in cranial anatomy as reptiles evolved from fish and amphibian ancestors
included <b>compaction of the skull</b> and a <b>reduction in the number of bones</b>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVxu-ZYZB5BthLDWrvOgR3HTdcmLsGK8VUBLsw6RemYWJiJhDhpUIJFkY6viqmVqM-3lVYYdIlF3ly3fxRBbTLLple5VAXpxhbz7FJatJ3MoZyTrAvrMPl6aE3b8hRdD_SVojZjaphm0/s1600/alligator+skull+lateral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVxu-ZYZB5BthLDWrvOgR3HTdcmLsGK8VUBLsw6RemYWJiJhDhpUIJFkY6viqmVqM-3lVYYdIlF3ly3fxRBbTLLple5VAXpxhbz7FJatJ3MoZyTrAvrMPl6aE3b8hRdD_SVojZjaphm0/s1600/alligator+skull+lateral.jpg" height="231" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Large
alligator skulls provide excellent models for identifying specific elements of
anatomy.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b> Temporal
Fenestration</b></span></h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> A <b>fenestra is a “window” or large
opening between bones</b>. Modification of the temporal fenestra within Amniota
shows adaptation to the pressures of moving from an aquatic to a more
terrestrial lifestyle. For example, it is thought that the anapsid skull, which contains no temporal fenestra, is the plesiomorphic
condition. Testudines (an order including turtles) are the only extant reptiles with anapsid skulls.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9xrtJjegQkFbHAXoLRb0_8lzY2dyka2TOQY5cfFgG1q0awFwDiPvCTPM084YfAgdZ1tGJk9EbXK9uAGz5F_LYch-lM0XtIs-DNuTmubC-Rd0jt8u5wR3eiZkW5bvatYWPwKu-wBGjy30e/s1600/anapsid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9xrtJjegQkFbHAXoLRb0_8lzY2dyka2TOQY5cfFgG1q0awFwDiPvCTPM084YfAgdZ1tGJk9EbXK9uAGz5F_LYch-lM0XtIs-DNuTmubC-Rd0jt8u5wR3eiZkW5bvatYWPwKu-wBGjy30e/s1600/anapsid.jpg" height="302" width="320" /></span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The dense, <b>anapsid</b> skull of a sea turtle would be supported by water
and thus not have to endure the pressure of gravity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNT06l2ahL-Nnozzg-VU08nPlUzmUjJBIPZTzaSU_kjWTCkFqO4g2M4uYfHyIXF4_qKfVSO7oxwLy1XhUIdHaVOtFyP9h3eu8HERYEQumPEh900ejVp86bFRjspwrCDdBuTroz0CfdPAzk/s1600/synapsid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNT06l2ahL-Nnozzg-VU08nPlUzmUjJBIPZTzaSU_kjWTCkFqO4g2M4uYfHyIXF4_qKfVSO7oxwLy1XhUIdHaVOtFyP9h3eu8HERYEQumPEh900ejVp86bFRjspwrCDdBuTroz0CfdPAzk/s1600/synapsid.jpg" height="205" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to reducing the density of the
skull, fenestration allowed for a change in the origin and insertion of
musculature associated with the jaw. <b>Synapsids</b> are represented by Mammalia and
have skulls with one subtemporal fenestra. In herbivorous ungulates, this
singular cranial opening accommodates muscles that function in grinding the jaw
from side to side to chew vegetation. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c4ESoq9zcLE/TkzBU3uuooI/AAAAAAAAEFk/O2isrle9oLo/s1600/Plesiosaur%2BSkull%2BPhoto%2Bby%2BBebop%2BGirl.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>)</span></td></tr>
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but in contrast to synapsids, these extinct reptiles only possessed a
supratemporal fenestra. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR4tfDwZYNE_PwK-Oj_tP2zQAoxJsTA6ahxOga-Pu3t49C7TAjHOqe07MQ8cZuiySpsL4IIxMOM7cZfFYMNzkl5JZKgKlo8A-sl8v1HsStBsjoEQMuXhFl1TqklMKXeOaJOMp3WC6ed9Bp/s1600/diapsid+skull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR4tfDwZYNE_PwK-Oj_tP2zQAoxJsTA6ahxOga-Pu3t49C7TAjHOqe07MQ8cZuiySpsL4IIxMOM7cZfFYMNzkl5JZKgKlo8A-sl8v1HsStBsjoEQMuXhFl1TqklMKXeOaJOMp3WC6ed9Bp/s1600/diapsid+skull.jpg" height="263" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The <b>diapsid</b> condition, in which the skull has both
supratemporal and subtemporal fenestrae, is characteristic of most reptiles.</span><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Sources</b></span></u><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Greenbaum E (2002) A standard series of embryonic stages for the emydid turtle </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Trachemys scripta</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. Can. J. Zool. 80: 1350-1370</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Vitt LJ, Caldwell JP (2014) Herpetology: An introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles, 4th ed. Elsevier inc., Massachusetts pp 121 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></b> </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-88858488006932857992012-04-17T23:36:00.036-04:002012-04-18T17:28:13.322-04:00Reptiles of Ohio<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Throughout the semester, our class has studied many families of reptiles, both local and worldwide. This blog will highlight the Ohio species that we hope to find during our excursions into the field.</span><br />
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">TESTUDINES</span></b></u></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Chelydridae</span></b></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Chelydra serpentina</i> (Common Snapping Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least concern (2)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3kJyv8WSagyv7UcwltIVBN3Bhq1C_olnfQAp-vpbGyXGyy3XhTCYtR9IEZE1_XJaTB1SkSYcV6IR55Dparcf-P_MHvnw9SADGzQNaUJQjxpEKDpqYIxoWJEGaOW0_ZvLGQJwfN6Hh6le9/s1600/chelydra+serpentina.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="96" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3kJyv8WSagyv7UcwltIVBN3Bhq1C_olnfQAp-vpbGyXGyy3XhTCYtR9IEZE1_XJaTB1SkSYcV6IR55Dparcf-P_MHvnw9SADGzQNaUJQjxpEKDpqYIxoWJEGaOW0_ZvLGQJwfN6Hh6le9/s400/chelydra+serpentina.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Across Ohio, but absent in some counties(1). Native to eastern 2/3 of United States, except south Florida and south Texas (3). Family found in eastern North America, Mexico, and Central America, and Northern South America.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> No supramarginal scutes and no prominent ridges on dorsal carapace, although the carapace has a posteriorly jagged edge. Highly reduced and cruciform-shaped plastron. Longest tail of any turtle relative to body size. Average adult size ~35 pounds (1) and 47 cm long (carapace length). Single row of marginal scutes. Carapace is dark and drab while underside is fleshy and yellow.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>Aquatic, on land only to lay eggs. Primarily herbivorous, but opportunistic omnivores. Nests from May-July, laying 20-50 eggs. Rathke’s glands often used to produce deterring musk.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact: </b>May be confused with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macrochelys temminckii </i>(alligator snapping turtle), but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chelydra serpentina</i> is about half the size and does not have a worm-like tongue lure. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macrochelys</i> is found only in the southern US, NOT in Ohio.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Chelydra serpentina</i> is the largest turtle in Ohio (1). </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: </span></b><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vitt and Caldwell. 2009. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of
Amphibians and Reptiles, Third Edition. Elsevier Inc., Burlington MA,
USA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(1) </b><b><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(2) </b><b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(3) </b><b>http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1225</b></span></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Kinosternidae</span></b></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Sternotherus odoratus</i> (Stinkpot Turtle)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><sup><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">4</span></sup><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Eastern United States, from Texas westward and from Florida to Ontario, Canada STATEWIDE: Throughout Ohio <sup>1</sup></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Adults primarily 5-14cm; large triangular shaped heads with yellow-green striping that runs horizontally from the nose to the neck. The general body color is from black to brown.<sup>1</sup> The carapace is highly domed, with a reduced plastron that can be hinged anteriorly.<sup>1</sup> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sternotherus odoratus</i> also have Rathke’s glands that produce a pungent yellow musk that is released when the turtle is threatened. <sup>1,2</sup><b>Biology:</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sternotherus odoratus</i> is a primarily aquatic turtle that spends its time on the bottom of bodies of water (rivers, lakes, ponds) and primarily only comes onto land to bask or to lay eggs. Their diet is carnivorous and includes small aquatic invertebrates and fish. They are oviparous and lay 2-9 eggs in burrows, under rotted logs, and in moist soil that is near water.<sup>1,2</sup> Sex of hatchlings are temperature determined (TSD).<sup> 3</sup><b>Fun Fact:</b> Has papillae in tongue that allow it to respire under water and reside under water for long periods of time. <b><br />
References:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;">1. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternotherus_odoratus"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternotherus_odoratus</span></a><br />
2. <a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></a><br />
3.<a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/%7Envalenzu/Valenzuela_Publications/Valenzuela2004_ReptilianTSD_Chapt09.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.public.iastate.edu/~nvalenzu/Valenzuela_Publications/Valenzuela2004_ReptilianTSD_Chapt09.pdf</span></a><br />
4. <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br />
photo links: <a href="http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/reptiles/turtles/stinkpot/stinkpot.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/reptiles/turtles/stinkpot/stinkpot.htm</span></a><br />
<span style="color: black;">plastron</span> view: <a href="http://www.reptarium.cz/en/photogallery/reptiles/6431"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.reptarium.cz/en/photogallery/reptiles/6431</span></a> </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Apalone spinifera </i>(Spiny Softshell Turtle)</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least concern (3)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7tQLiWZxYKBLRa_fUmaKm89_4WS9w3tkmJW5kNjBP23Qcs7S1_XJDCT9l7MTiTgK6Ip4ObVamN9y__FGwiwK6UhCGGmdeBYwe6Izy6QtMlBksyaExFrPHSGjbIG7peuIvktRZuqpVPs-P/s1600/apalone+spinifera.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="108" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7tQLiWZxYKBLRa_fUmaKm89_4WS9w3tkmJW5kNjBP23Qcs7S1_XJDCT9l7MTiTgK6Ip4ObVamN9y__FGwiwK6UhCGGmdeBYwe6Izy6QtMlBksyaExFrPHSGjbIG7peuIvktRZuqpVPs-P/s400/apalone+spinifera.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Scattered counties across Ohio (1). Native to Midwest United States (4). Subfamily found in Asia, Indonesia, North America.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>No dermal scutes, fleshy lip, reduced plastron and extremely flattened, tan to brown carapace. Long neck and snorkel-like snout. Vertebrae more clearly seen than in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apalone mutifica</i>. Cranial end of carapace has small, conical spines (1). Large, dark, circular markings on the carapace, distinguishing it from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apalone mutica</i> (1). Adult length of 8-20 inches (2).<b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>Aquatic, opportunistic omnivores. Egg incubation lasts 28 days - 10 weeks. Sexual dimorphism with females larger than males (1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact</b>: May be confused with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Carettochelys</i>, but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Carettochelys</i> is native to northwest Australia and southern New Guinea. Also, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apalone</i> forelimbs do NOT have 2 large claws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">References: </span></span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Vitt and Caldwell. 2009. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of
Amphibians and Reptiles, Third Edition. Elsevier Inc., Burlington MA,
USA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(1) </span></b><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(2) </span></b><a href="http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/wildlifemgmt/turtles.htm"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/wildlifemgmt/turtles.htm</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(3) </span></b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(4) </b><b><a href="http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1225">http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1225</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Apalone mutica </i>(Smooth Softshell Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern (3)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Some southern and some eastern counties of Ohio (1). Native to northeast and Midwest United States, from Tennessee and North Carolina into Canada (4). Subfamily found in Asia, Indonesia, North America.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> No dermal scutes, fleshy lip, reduced plastron and extremely flattened, tan to brown carapace. Long neck and snorkel-like snout. The nostrils are not ridged, distinguishing it from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apalone spinifera</i> (1). Adult length of 6-15 inches (2).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Aquatic, opportunistic omnivores. Egg incubation lasts 28 days - 10 weeks. Sexual dimorphism with females larger than males (1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact:</b> May be confused with Carettochelys, but Carettochelys is native to northwest Australia and southern New Guinea. Also, Apalone forelimbs do NOT have 2 large claws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: </span></b>Vitt and Caldwell. 2009. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of
Amphibians and Reptiles, Third Edition. Elsevier Inc., Burlington MA,
USA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(1) </span></b><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(2) </span></b><a href="http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/wildlifemgmt/turtles.htm"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/wildlifemgmt/turtles.htm</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(3) </span></b><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(4) </b><b>http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/maps.html#na</b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Emydidae</span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Chrysemys picta marginata</i> (Midland Painted Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOb_DkSl5W7XbtT1JfMZkySSrbc0-gf5hQ4vGJCoMxyC5HWuUjGJ2qKXyBjLgTMLB8fyIzm8G8qux8M-ezv8ypqkUdQre0jk-2H8cLxYRMilFd0tD8nvaMM7bNoTvE_WuSC6JjiTWIA68/s1600/chrysemys.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="121" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOb_DkSl5W7XbtT1JfMZkySSrbc0-gf5hQ4vGJCoMxyC5HWuUjGJ2qKXyBjLgTMLB8fyIzm8G8qux8M-ezv8ypqkUdQre0jk-2H8cLxYRMilFd0tD8nvaMM7bNoTvE_WuSC6JjiTWIA68/s400/chrysemys.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> From Northern Alabama to Quebec, from Illinois to eastern Pennsylvania; STATEWIDE: Throughout the entire state.</span><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Size range from 10-25cm-carapace length. The carapace is flattened and dark brown to black in color. There are red markings on the lower edge of the marginal scutes of the carapace that help distinguish this species from other members of Testudines. The limbs are olive- black in color and have red markings and lines. The head and neck contain only yellow striping, with two stripes coming from behind each eye and two yellow stripes on the bottom of the chin. The plastron is yellow with occasionally some dark marks near the center. </span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Within this species, there are 3 other subspecies- The eastern painted turtle (<i>Chysemys picta picta</i>), the western painted turtle (<i>Chrysemys picta bellii</i>), and the southern painted<b> </b>turtle (<i>Chrysemys picta dorsalis<b>), </b></i>with hybridization. Distinguishing between the subspecies can be made by several characteristics. The western pained turtle is the largest subspecies and will usually grow to 25cm long. The plastron on the western painted turtle is pink to red with a large amount of green and yellow markings. There are also some yellow markings that can be seen on the carapace. The southern painted turtle is the smallest subspecies at a maximum CL of 15cm; there is also a prominent red stripe down the center of the carapace. The plastron is almost completely void of all markings. The eastern painted turtle is easily distinguished not just from other subspecies but other turtles in North America are that the scutes on the carapace are directly aligned with each other. The vertebrals and costals are directly next to each other, instead of the typical alternating pattern seen on other subspecies. In addition, there can be a pale stripe down the center of the carapace. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chrysemys picta marginata </i></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">is an aquatic turtle that lives in slow moving waters. It can be seen routinely basking in groups on logs and rocks throughout the day. They are omnivores and eat primarily aquatic insects and vegetation. They have Temperature Sex Determination. Mating occurs in fall and spring and nesting occurs from May-July. Nests can be as far as 600 yards from shore. Typical clutch sizes are form 4-10 eggs and females can lay multiple clutches per year. They will burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms of water during the winter and will respire via their mouth and cloaca. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact:</b> Most Widespread turtle in North America</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Turtle"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Turtle</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffpaintedturtles.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffpaintedturtles.htm</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www1.ben.edu/museum/midlandpaintedturtle.asp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www1.ben.edu/museum/midlandpaintedturtle.asp</span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Clemmys guttata</i> (Spotted Turtle)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Status</span></b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">: Endangered (IUCN), Threatened in Ohio</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrWlH-epHNHLyAEiQa5ZZgH2__aziFwZhdqmq3j7YEiLjIoxV8ivGV43zUVnVfvgXlZ94ZahNltm1OtuSvRmR3LJaC5UOk7Phy1NHSy2SVksvDZV0mX3MlK3I7NDD0RNtrC4DeUgUImoA/s1600/clemmys.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="176" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrWlH-epHNHLyAEiQa5ZZgH2__aziFwZhdqmq3j7YEiLjIoxV8ivGV43zUVnVfvgXlZ94ZahNltm1OtuSvRmR3LJaC5UOk7Phy1NHSy2SVksvDZV0mX3MlK3I7NDD0RNtrC4DeUgUImoA/s320/clemmys.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Range/Distribution</b>: Along Eastern United States from Florida to Maine in the North; also from Ontario to New York and westward to Indiana. STATEWIDE: Nothern 2/3 of state.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Characteristics: </b>Small<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">(8-12cm) turtle with a gray to black body and a smooth, flattened, and black carapace. The carapace and body is covered in distinctive yellow spots. There can be orange or yellow coloration on the forelimbs, head, and/or neck area. Females grow larger than males. Some characteristics to tell them apart are that males have longer tails, concave plastrons, and females have more spots on average.</span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Biology: </b>Semi-aquatic turtle that is carnivorous and feeds on small insects and invertebrates, along with small fish and some vegetation. These turtles are active mostly during the spring months and may undergo summer dormancy. They tend to stick to sluggish waters of marshes, ponds, and slow moving rivers. 1-8 eggs are laid from May-June and the sex of hatchlings is temperature determinant. The nesting locations are moist soils and vegetation.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">References:</span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Clemmys_guttata.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Clemmys_guttata.html</span></b></a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/clegut.htm"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/clegut.htm</span></b></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmys_guttata#CITEREFErnst1972"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmys_guttata#CITEREFErnst1972</span></b></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></b></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/%7Envalenzu/Valenzuela_Publications/Valenzuela2004_ReptilianTSD_Chapt09.pdf"><b><span style="color: blue;">http://www.public.iastate.edu/~nvalenzu/Valenzuela_Publications/Valenzuela2004_ReptilianTSD_Chapt09.pdf</span></b></a><b><br />
Photo source</b><a href="http://www.empireoftheturtle.com/Florida/clemmys_guttata.htm"><b><span style="color: blue;">http://www.empireoftheturtle.com/Florida/clemmys_guttata.htm</span></b></a></span><b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Emydoidea blandingii</i> (Blanding's Turtle)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Endangered</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPDwJZeE1ZpaQC4w_qBnnoZt0DiUBRkaxmiyAEEXbmA-0ekJVpyX3Ii8rsRPfzz2xRsywsJuXOqeZT_I4BHq2T71Fsg-a1AoIqKw_ZOAleukbVLO0u7w7lKZi2MqSTDH2Ofi-Fut0v8VP/s1600/emydoidea.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="135" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPDwJZeE1ZpaQC4w_qBnnoZt0DiUBRkaxmiyAEEXbmA-0ekJVpyX3Ii8rsRPfzz2xRsywsJuXOqeZT_I4BHq2T71Fsg-a1AoIqKw_ZOAleukbVLO0u7w7lKZi2MqSTDH2Ofi-Fut0v8VP/s320/emydoidea.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Northern counties along Lake Erie<b>.</b><b>Characteristics:</b> The defining characteristic of the Blanding’s Turtle is the bright yellow throat and chin. The Blanding’s also has a hinged plastron similar to the Eastern Box Turtle but it is not as effective. Their length typically ranges from 5”-7”. <b>Biology:</b> Breeding occurs between April-November and incubation lasts 50-75 days. Clutch sizes range from 6-21 eggs and the young leave the nest 28-35 days after hatching. Blanding’s turtles are typically found in marshy shorelines, streams, meadows and forest swamps but can be found on land moving between wetlands.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References:</b> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/blandingsturtle/tabid/6560/Default.aspx"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/blandingsturtle/tabid/6560/Default.aspx</span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Graptemys geographica</i> (Map Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNiKUVwUnMnsvqVq_Ev3PIR8R0eynPn9tw1fCekRsoR6dIZKCGaWP3AK26B-8pTgOLWbw8yq_4CjSLRCoEgG6T3mlXZ5_bSdvq-t6HL-TOJka8IrhU1D4WZoEndfip63LJrR7EfX6P21If/s1600/geographica.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="140" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNiKUVwUnMnsvqVq_Ev3PIR8R0eynPn9tw1fCekRsoR6dIZKCGaWP3AK26B-8pTgOLWbw8yq_4CjSLRCoEgG6T3mlXZ5_bSdvq-t6HL-TOJka8IrhU1D4WZoEndfip63LJrR7EfX6P21If/s320/geographica.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern<b>Range/Distribution: </b>Statewide<b> </b><b>Characteristics:</b> Differentiating between the Northern Map Turtle and the False Map turtle can be difficult. The Northern Map Turtle lacks two yellow dots below the eyes. Females reach sizes near 10” while males rarely exceed 5” in carapace length.<b>Biology:</b> Breeding occurs in the spring and fall and the nesting period is from May-July. Incubation is 50-70 days and clutch sizes range from 12-14 eggs. They prefer large deep bodies of water such as rivers and lakes.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: </span></b><a href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/northernmapturtle/tabid/6590/Default.aspx"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/northernmapturtle/tabid/6590/Default.aspx</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></a><b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Graptemys pseudogeographica</i> (False Map Turtle)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern</span><br />
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<b>Range/Distribution:</b> Limited to the Scioto River and its oxbows.<br />
<b>Characteristics:</b> Differentiating between the False Map Turtle and the Northern Map Turtle can be difficult. The False Map Turtle has a yellow patch behind the eye which can extend to the top of the head and is shaped like a hockey stick. Another defining characteristic separating it from the Northen Map Turtle is the two yellow spots below each eye. The Northern Map Turtle lacks both the yellow patch behind the eye as well as the yellow spots below the eye. <br />
<b>Biology:</b> Breeding occurs in the spring and fall and clutch sizes range from 12-22 eggs. It is unknown if these turtles are native to Ohio or were introduced at some point. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: </span></b><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br />http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/ouachitamapturtle/tabid/6718/Default.aspx"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/ouachitamapturtle/tabid/6718/Default.aspx</span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Pseudemys concinna</i> (Heiroglyphica River Cooter)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoi6QY9KtjR_NS4eWkGkD6Rz3HnQE8oDFpa85jrHEUNjOFCTQmwcqEeKTnEI2NQOPd0O85Y8bwNapLhCqW4upjVqiZDg2PPGaY0dQ_kpFbW5k18jER3wTJo2VDWArtCPz49MnNVEoApQ4g/s1600/river+cooter.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="135" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoi6QY9KtjR_NS4eWkGkD6Rz3HnQE8oDFpa85jrHEUNjOFCTQmwcqEeKTnEI2NQOPd0O85Y8bwNapLhCqW4upjVqiZDg2PPGaY0dQ_kpFbW5k18jER3wTJo2VDWArtCPz49MnNVEoApQ4g/s400/river+cooter.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">
<b>Range/Distribution: </b>Ohio, Western Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Western Georgia.<br />
<b>Characteristics: </b>Length 12-16”, brownish green colored with contrasting yellow stripes on body, yellow stripes under chin in Y-shape and swirled yellow pattern on carapace that darkens with age, flattened carapace, C-shaped second pleural scute, tooth-like cusps in upper jaw for eating vegetation, and large webbed feet for swimming. The species <i>Pseudemys concinna hieroglyphica</i> differs from other P. concinna by a more intrinsically patterned carapace and well developed green on yellow plastron pattern.<br />
<b>Biology: </b>Live in aquatic habitats with dry areas for basking (which they share with sliders and painted turtles). Freshwater to brackish water (rivers, lakes, ponds and marshes) with dense vegetation is ideal, especially oxbow regions of rivers. Diurnal, fast swimmers, large home ranges, sleep in water vegetation, highly herbivorous but generalist predators and scavengers too determined by availability of food, cannot swallow out of water but will hunt/forage outside of water to eat upon it’s return, have been known to actively fish, males are smaller than females, nest dug by female in sandy loam at the water’s edge, females lay 10-25 eggs in one or more clutches, Alligators and muskrats prey on juveniles, can live up to 40+ years old.<br />
<b>Fun Fact</b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="GoBack"></a><b>: </b>The long claws of the male river cooter are used to stroke the female's face during courtship activities. You can tell a male from a female by these longer claws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References:</b>Carr, Archie. 1952. Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, N.Y.<br />
Ernst, Carl H. & Barbour, Roger W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.<br />
Ernst, C. H., Lovich, Jeffrey E. & Barbour, R. W. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.<br />
Iverson, John B. 1992. A Revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Earlham College. Privately Published. Richmond, Indiana.<br />
Pritchard, P. C. H. 1972. Encyclopedia of Turtles. T. F. H. Publications. Neptune. N.J.<br />
Smith, Hobart M. & Brodie Jr., Edmund D. 1982. A Guide to Field Identification: Reptiles of North America. Golden Press. New York, N.Y.<br />
<b>Pic1:</b>http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i>Terrapene carolina</i> (Eastern Box Turtle)</b></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8GsrW3uw9To2fsWu0V3rk3cNsUFtdv_jf8-SsP1UEdJL4Q49BuDI8Ge7gI8L8A8cEkiaw3BZWtWz0tSCt9ECoUlbBRYh-lDBQMn4hgq9QBnI3KsSptEJYCw6s_nlYBmzsJ3aMM_j6aZj/s1600/terrapene.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="113" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8GsrW3uw9To2fsWu0V3rk3cNsUFtdv_jf8-SsP1UEdJL4Q49BuDI8Ge7gI8L8A8cEkiaw3BZWtWz0tSCt9ECoUlbBRYh-lDBQMn4hgq9QBnI3KsSptEJYCw6s_nlYBmzsJ3aMM_j6aZj/s400/terrapene.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Vulnerable; Populations decreasing (Turtle populations are in danger in other states, including Maryland, because of pesticides and people taking them out of the wild for pets. Along with habitat loss, a significant threat to Ohio’s box turtles is death by crossing roadways).<b>Range/Distribution:</b> Found from southern Maine and southern Ontario to the Gulf Coast and Midwest of the United States, with isolated populations occurring in eastern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. Also in woodlands throughout Ohio (other genera released in parks: T. hornata, T. bauri). <b>Characteristics:</b> Length 4.5-6”, Highly domed carapace with a wide variety of dark brown/black markings with a maze of yellow streaks, body blackish brown with yellow blotches, orange or red colored eyes, named for centrally-hinged plastron enabling it to front and rear portions to draw up against the carapace and close it’s body inside for protection.<b>Biology: </b> Found in forest and edge habitats with a higher relative humidity, hide under rotting logs/decaying leaves/other plant debris during the summer and venture out only during early morning or evening, swim and soak in streams and puddles to keep cool, hibernate in the winter under dead leaves or inside tree stumps, generalist omnivores with diet ranging from vegetation & fungi to gastropods & insects to carrion, temperature dependent sex determination (males develop at cooler temperatures than females), females dig nests in forest floor and lay multiple egg clutches a year of 1-9 eggs, predators include raccoons/minks/skunks/coyotes.<b>Fun Fact</b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="GoBack"></a><b>: </b>A unexpected rain shower after a dry spell will bring out cause a great spurt of box turtle activity as they emerge from the foliage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References:</b><br />The U.S. Forest Service. <u>Reptile Database: Terrepine carolina</u>. 2012 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/reptile/teca/all.html"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/reptile/teca/all.html</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. <u>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</u>. 2011. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pic1:</b>http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/4070/PreviewComp/SuperStock_4070-1841.jpg<br />
<b>Pic 2: </b>http://www.michigan.gov/images/eastern_box_turtle_underside_102932_7.jpg</span></div>
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</b><b><i>Trachemys scripta</i> (Red-Eared Slider)</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19f0tjBVeuAXm-hFz1nvbys9OHXynDH7UazjUYLYhNG3X6n_o01WoG2C7jSIyNddAq2ukN5fnsT9BKfLxGRUnWxb0q4l7vAhL_Fh00OVdPYdHhIDS4Ll_rJa3Odp5_X7EARq5TNnhoPcE/s1600/trachemys.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="122" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19f0tjBVeuAXm-hFz1nvbys9OHXynDH7UazjUYLYhNG3X6n_o01WoG2C7jSIyNddAq2ukN5fnsT9BKfLxGRUnWxb0q4l7vAhL_Fh00OVdPYdHhIDS4Ll_rJa3Odp5_X7EARq5TNnhoPcE/s400/trachemys.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status</b>: Least Concern; Populations stable (A few native colonies in southern Ohio counties, but most populations of red-eared sliders in the state are probably the result of discarded pets - an illegal practice that may endanger native wildlife).<br />
<b>Range/Distribution: </b>From Indiana to New Mexico through Texas to the Gulf of Mexico. Native to Southern Ohio but found throughout state because released as pets.<br />
<b>Characteristics: </b>Length 5-8”, Broad red or orange patch behind each eye (red “ears”; or in rare occurrences: yellow or too dark to see), green eyes with black intersecting stripe, greenish brown carapace with yellow and black bands, yellowish plastron with a black blotch on each scute, greenish body with yellow stripes, Males have longer nails on their front feet.<br />
<b>Biology: </b>Found in aquatic habitats, ideally permanent slow-moving water sources with mud bottoms, bask on rocks and logs found on the water, hibernate by burrowing in soil or mud during the winter to escape the cold, though they have poor hearing they are very sensitive to vibrations in water, expand home ranges when populations increase - moving across land to other bodies of water in search of resources, diet includes aquatic plants, small fish, and decaying material, female turtles dig nests offshore and lay their eggs, males court females by stoking them with long nails on their front feet, males also court females by swimming backwards in front of them and fan their faces with water, live up to 30+ years old. <br />
<b>Fun Fact</b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="GoBack"></a><b>: “</b>Sliders” get their name from their habit of sliding off rocks and logs when startled while basking.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References:</b><br />Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. <u>Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)</u>. 2012. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/slider/"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/slider/</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Pic 1: </span></b><a href="http://www.petinfospot.com/pictures/Turtle,Red-eared_Slider.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.petinfospot.com/pictures/Turtle,Red-eared_Slider.jpg</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pic 2:</b>http://www.herpnet.net/</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b></b><b><u>SQUAMATA: SAURIA</u></b><b><br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Phrynosomatidae</span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Sceloporus undulatus garmani</i> (Eastern Fence Lizard)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1ZAUUIMMW934xIgdqygIfFJMSN8RMV5MOkoDO5oEI_RbCdKkl_PLD5OQq65Nar3zKY-vMVfxHLyjBnQ4AvvaPTXusDeeR_VxZH0u5sR-n7VxyROzUxjX_ALP2kmbhtvYxUQfTIAv8Idv/s1600/sceloporus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="303" qda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1ZAUUIMMW934xIgdqygIfFJMSN8RMV5MOkoDO5oEI_RbCdKkl_PLD5OQq65Nar3zKY-vMVfxHLyjBnQ4AvvaPTXusDeeR_VxZH0u5sR-n7VxyROzUxjX_ALP2kmbhtvYxUQfTIAv8Idv/s320/sceloporus.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; Southern New Jersey to central Florida, west to eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas, southeast New York, and Northeast Pennsylvania </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Small in size (4-7<sup>1/4</sup> inches); sexual dimorphism; females are typically gray and conspicuously patterned on top; females have a series of dark, wavy (undulating) lines across back, which are yellow, orange, or reddish at the base of the tail; the belly of females are whitish with scattered black flecks; males are usually brown and heavily marked on the bottom; sides of the belly in males are greenish blue, this bright color is bordered by black, and males also have a broad bluish area at the base of their throat; both sexes have a dark line running along the rear surface of their thigh.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Biology:</b> Climb trees; prefer dry, wooded hillsides, and rocky cliffs; often seen on rail fences or on rotting logs; the only spiny lizard found within this range.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;"><b>References:</b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">The reptile database </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">Division of wildlife 1-53. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">A field guide to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:232-234. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b><u>Scincidae</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc2XXc25MfZ_KRq1Tc9-Px-TPt6ytMmW_DduaMGWrc6ZIph8purasT3KV10Y81hyC7AOR7lfl5quYbGQG0LuS0UxPP5mGE2YDG-il2BKEg-zUd_fK8UxS_x9jS6x5yZqM4WRJe7yd2KCFr/s1600/scincella+lateralis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc2XXc25MfZ_KRq1Tc9-Px-TPt6ytMmW_DduaMGWrc6ZIph8purasT3KV10Y81hyC7AOR7lfl5quYbGQG0LuS0UxPP5mGE2YDG-il2BKEg-zUd_fK8UxS_x9jS6x5yZqM4WRJe7yd2KCFr/s320/scincella+lateralis.png" width="179" /></span></a><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Scincella lateralis</i> (Ground Skink)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b style="line-height: 115%;">Status:</b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Least concern</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; Southern
New Jersey to Florida Keys, west to eastern Kansas and west central Texas,
Illinois, northeast Montana and Coahuila<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Very small (3-5<sup>3/4</sup>
inches); smooth, golden brown to blackish brown; dark dorsolateral stripe;
brown color varies by location; ventral side is white or yellowish; “window” in
lower eyelid in the form of a transparent di<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a>sc which the
lizard can see through with its eye closed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Biology:</b> Typically found under large rocks
or by sifting through leaf-litter; consumes insects; when running it makes
lateral, snake-like movements; and does not climb often.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b>References:</b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">EMBL Reptile Database</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of
wildlife 1-53.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field
guide to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:262. </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Plestiodon
fasciatus </i>(Five-lined Skink)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Throughout
Ohio; New England to North Florida, west to Wisconsin, eastern parts of
Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWN_PdC2BXpmjYazvR-zcMfL6S7E3yUmG12ocuPO2aCS3_WYzijnSE9KjbjU9SMUOgxyYp3yh4MGxbftmMzR9Jfeg0XnucoQCQOAHMbEhmks1PcU13eIGmdPVuI81crFDFd-aGyEB2IXmn/s1600/plestiodon+fasc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWN_PdC2BXpmjYazvR-zcMfL6S7E3yUmG12ocuPO2aCS3_WYzijnSE9KjbjU9SMUOgxyYp3yh4MGxbftmMzR9Jfeg0XnucoQCQOAHMbEhmks1PcU13eIGmdPVuI81crFDFd-aGyEB2IXmn/s320/plestiodon+fasc.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>5-8.5
inches. Variable depending on age and sex. Hatchlings have five yellow-white
stripes on a black background and tails are bright blue. As they age, stripe color dulls and
background color lightens, tail turns gray, females retain pattern, and have a
broad dark band extending back from the eye. Male become uniform olive to
brown. Orange-red appears on jaws during breeding season. To differentiate it
from other members of this genus by counting 26-30 longitudinal rows of scales
around the center of body, four labials anterior to the subocular, two enlarged
postlabial scales.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Found
in rock piles, decaying debris, cutover woodlots with rotting stumps and logs,
abandoned board and sawdust piles. Usually found in damp habitat. Mainly
terrestrial but sometimes climbs trees where insects are abundant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References: </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and
Amphibians Peterson field guide. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaM13Tw9orKLTLV0mopxf6M8SWdqUfe_DGs6ikTXhP16dwYvLXnYz_UtF61_sSrL0W6-4tIjQi53ImX4QglBibNPZtdFG7WvfkekRaBwkQFRnxRuGX94P6ThKFDTxnUYIB6GneVoqcXDU/s1600/plestiodon+laticeps.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaM13Tw9orKLTLV0mopxf6M8SWdqUfe_DGs6ikTXhP16dwYvLXnYz_UtF61_sSrL0W6-4tIjQi53ImX4QglBibNPZtdFG7WvfkekRaBwkQFRnxRuGX94P6ThKFDTxnUYIB6GneVoqcXDU/s320/plestiodon+laticeps.png" width="184" /></span></a><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Plestiodon laticeps </i>(Broadhead Skink)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern
Ohio; Southern Pennsylvania to Northern Florida, Eastern Texas, to Southern
Illinois.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> 6.5-12.75
inches. Large body size. Males olive-brown with swollen jowls and orange-red
heads. Coloration variations much like <i>P.
faciatus</i>. To identify this species, look for 30-32 rows of scales at the
midbody. Five labials anterior to the subocular. No enlarged postlabials.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Habitats
vary, though considered a woodland species. Found in swamp forests to empty
urban lots. Most aboreal of skinks. Found within trees and tree holes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>References: </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and
Amphibians Peterson field guide. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Plestiodon anthracinus anthracinus </i>(Northern Coal Skink)</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2tLq6uudjSlpBS2i0rJpCJIn7R9_NGY5tB1mHVUJb8DQXHAyHbZO9T-Jsl_vPbWAygJX2ia4uYRITDw2_5z6WEbCtMLAbHWn0bCp94K41ISHS49g9DM72DEsk5e24r1I30PyAV0XdOwGW/s1600/plestiodon+anthr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2tLq6uudjSlpBS2i0rJpCJIn7R9_NGY5tB1mHVUJb8DQXHAyHbZO9T-Jsl_vPbWAygJX2ia4uYRITDw2_5z6WEbCtMLAbHWn0bCp94K41ISHS49g9DM72DEsk5e24r1I30PyAV0XdOwGW/s320/plestiodon+anthr.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Isolated
colonies in Southern Ohio; Disjunct from New York to North Carolina and
Kentucky.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> 5-7
inches. Broad dark lateral stripe 2.5 to 4 scales wide. One postmental scale.
Light stripe through posterior supralabials. Rows of scales around midbody
usually 25 or less. Young with blue tail, but patterned like adults. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Humid portions of wooded
hillsides preferred. Found in areas in proximity to springs and rocky bluffs.
Will find refuge in water and under submerged rocks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and
Amphibians Peterson field guide. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">SQUAMATA: SERPENTES</span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"><u>Colubridae: </u></span></b><b><span style="color: black;"><u>Natricinae</u></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Nerodia sipedon sipedon </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Water Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Status: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Least Concern</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Range/Distribution: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Present from Maine to
southern Alabama to eastern Louisiana, west to eastern Colorado and up to
Minnesota. May inhabit any permanent
body of water. Present throughout the
state of Ohio. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMkjqabQq17O33p5hjqB3tvo4c0X2QCz8xbqFLK4rrTgyJiJ9zM6TM-ou4s4Sou_EcwhiiOJuySeXDNxiZhrPEMTGACHDAuBDWjXUS2AhrHaugvJtfOY650sBmlcEg1tj0TPUoErXqQps6/s1600/nerodia+sipedon+sipedon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMkjqabQq17O33p5hjqB3tvo4c0X2QCz8xbqFLK4rrTgyJiJ9zM6TM-ou4s4Sou_EcwhiiOJuySeXDNxiZhrPEMTGACHDAuBDWjXUS2AhrHaugvJtfOY650sBmlcEg1tj0TPUoErXqQps6/s320/nerodia+sipedon+sipedon.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Characteristics: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Looks superficially to
resemble a Cottonmouth, with a reddish brown to gray to slightly black
appearance. This snake is patterned with
dark neckbands and alternating dark patches on the dorsal surface. These patches and bands tend to become darker
with age and can occasionally lead to a nearly uniform black or dark brown
appearance. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Biology: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Most commonly found
basking near water to allow for an easy escape when startled. Typically fearful of people and are quick to
attack when grabbed. Most common form of
defense is secreting odors from their musk gland. The mating season of this snake is from April
to June, parturition occurs from August to November. The favorite diet includes amphibians,
fishes, other reptiles or even smaller mammals, very opportunistic feeders. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Fun
Fact: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">These
snakes are not venomous, but bites will bleed profusely due to anticoagulant
properties in the snake’s saliva.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References:</b> <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Hallermann, J., Baker, B., & Schmidt, J. (1996, April 5). <i>The reptile database</i>. Retrieved April 15,2012, from Peter Uetz website: http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/Contributors.html <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Dewey, T., & Hammond, G. (n.d.). </span><i style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Division of reptiles and amphibians</i><span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from University of Michigan website: http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/rep_amph/index.html </span></span></pre>
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</div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Nerodia sipedon pleuralis </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Midland Water Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMlX3DY4JpQFEaQ6SJEP9V_FdahVYrBB0XFjp9A21kjnJuElXC_RFYaI1MVnmBb1dxOeZ8pKGWuX6ePYG7hWewNNYRuN0Iky2Ygh7CKZMUZsFxFXjc6LPGMP0UH6ZglE5nDfRxdmt6W8O/s1600/nerodia+sipedon+pleu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMlX3DY4JpQFEaQ6SJEP9V_FdahVYrBB0XFjp9A21kjnJuElXC_RFYaI1MVnmBb1dxOeZ8pKGWuX6ePYG7hWewNNYRuN0Iky2Ygh7CKZMUZsFxFXjc6LPGMP0UH6ZglE5nDfRxdmt6W8O/s320/nerodia+sipedon+pleu.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Range/Distribution: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">East to North Carolina
and west to Oklahoma, Illinois and Louisiana. Southern Ohio. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Characteristics: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Superficially looks
very much like <i>N.s.sipedon</i>, however,
the markings on the dorsal surface do not seem to get darker with age. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Biology:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Mainly active at night, this species of water
snake feeds on salamanders, frogs and tadpoles, much like its relatives. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Hallermann, J., Baker, B., & Schmidt, J. (1996, April 5). <i>The reptile database</i>. Retrieved April 15,2012, from Peter Uetz website: http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/Contributors.html <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Dewey, T., & Hammond, G. (n.d.). </span><i style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Division of reptiles and amphibians</i><span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from University of Michigan website: http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/rep_amph/index.html </span></span></pre>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ6tH0fTHZN-RCRRKERDeoAgkPAIWh88LmphIQ2uRokSr2KGwCjOuRaawX3uwJcf-7-6JNvuY81WKqVC3xVWgsE9Zrc0XezrbcTsMPvVqv8GssbcpiguFHgp3RoUBlB_jsAP_knyiBo3cx/s1600/nerodia+sipedon+insul.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ6tH0fTHZN-RCRRKERDeoAgkPAIWh88LmphIQ2uRokSr2KGwCjOuRaawX3uwJcf-7-6JNvuY81WKqVC3xVWgsE9Zrc0XezrbcTsMPvVqv8GssbcpiguFHgp3RoUBlB_jsAP_knyiBo3cx/s320/nerodia+sipedon+insul.png" width="169" /></span></a><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><i></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span></b></i></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Nerodia
sipedon insularum </i>(<i><o:p></o:p></i><span style="line-height: 115%;">Lake Erie Water Snake)</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;">Status:</span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> Endangered</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Range/Distribution:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Restricted to the islands of western Lake
Erie (Pelee, Kelleys, etc.). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Characteristics: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Dark markings found on
dorsal surface are very pale or missing, compared to the common watersnake. They range in color from green to grey to
slightly brown, and their ventral surface is very pale, either white or
yellow. Occasionally there may be a pale
orange or pink color down the center of the ventral surface. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Biology:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Able to coexist with people, even though they
are listed as endangered. They have
greatly benefitted from the building of docks and shoreline protection around
the islands. The favorite food of the
Lake Erie water snake is the round goby, which has become a nuisance in the Great
Lakes recently, and is thus partly responsible for the control of the invasive
round goby population.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Hallermann, J., Baker, B., & Schmidt, J. (1996, April 5). <i>The reptile database</i>. Retrieved April 15,2012, from Peter Uetz website: http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/Contributors.html <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Dewey, T., & Hammond, G. (n.d.). </span><i style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Division of reptiles and amphibians</i><span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from University of Michigan website: http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/rep_amph/index.html </span></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Copperbelly Water Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;">Status: </span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;">Endangered</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKB8SwZV7MKa1K3FX_s4KYpdFrnaY9Mxfl5cjB65HDNf4cR8xqaFdU3BGf78G5UkrmWsNCxYQTCbPJ0MVjWYU2zE58W__5Jbbm8rVEJRBtSdysqT7M6An4uYcgPWUtyXkz5vZEtIRIliy/s1600/nerodia+ethry.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKB8SwZV7MKa1K3FX_s4KYpdFrnaY9Mxfl5cjB65HDNf4cR8xqaFdU3BGf78G5UkrmWsNCxYQTCbPJ0MVjWYU2zE58W__5Jbbm8rVEJRBtSdysqT7M6An4uYcgPWUtyXkz5vZEtIRIliy/s320/nerodia+ethry.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Range/Distribution: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Typically found in
Indiana, Michigan and Ohio. In Ohio it
is known to currently only occur in Williams county (northwestern Ohio), but
small populations may exist elsewhere throughout the state. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Characteristics: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Dorsal side is
typically black or dark-brown and uniform throughout. Defining characteristic is a brightly colored
ventral surface, ranging from different shades of red or orange. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Biology: </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Similar aggression
patterns to <i>N.s.sipedon</i>, eager to
attack when handled, and are very active during both the day and night. Enjoy basking and can often be found sunning
on logs or rocks near water. Feed mainly
on frogs, salamanders, and tadpoles in the swampy wetlands that they prefer to
inhabit. Most active from the first week
in April to early November.</span></span></div>
<pre style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: <o:p></o:p></span></b></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Hallermann, J., Baker, B., & Schmidt, J. (1996, April 5). <i>The reptile database</i>. Retrieved April 15,2012, from Peter Uetz website: http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/Contributors.html <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre style="margin-left: 46.1pt; text-indent: -46.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Dewey, T., & Hammond, G. (n.d.). </span><i style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">Division of reptiles and amphibians</i><span style="text-indent: -46.1pt;">. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from University of Michigan website: http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/rep_amph/index.html </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span></o:p></pre>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Regina septemvittata </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Queen Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i>S.E. Canada, United States (OH)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Ep9cC4jnsAJTp1F-EHLOmk5Dc4J0mbRS2Jj-mDOlQ-y7NUEGB9QHMQk420tgkpVE_-fXL0G14LCOT0Eb5v1Bx4tzegOMkoZcT3pfuOTxYFoVm4XI9Bby5MinHHe7TXbL30ZuAnVZZoTy/s1600/regina.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Ep9cC4jnsAJTp1F-EHLOmk5Dc4J0mbRS2Jj-mDOlQ-y7NUEGB9QHMQk420tgkpVE_-fXL0G14LCOT0Eb5v1Bx4tzegOMkoZcT3pfuOTxYFoVm4XI9Bby5MinHHe7TXbL30ZuAnVZZoTy/s320/regina.png" width="320" /></span></a><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Characteristics: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Adult Queen Snakes are approx. 34-92.2 cm in length. They have no
sexually dimorphic characteristics. They are dark brown/olive colored. They
have a yellow stripe running horizontally from their labial scales down the
length of their body. Their ventral side is yellow, with 4 thing dark stripes
running the lengths of their body, which converge at the end of the tail. They
have keeled scales. </span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Adult Queen Snakes may appear
similar in appearance to Garter snakes, but </span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">they have divided anal plates, and
lack dorsal stripes.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Biology: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Queen Snakes are crayfish specialists, and so they only occur in areas with a sufficiently high crayfish population.</span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">They are semi-aquatic, living in and around freshwater streams to
hunt prey. They are viviparous, but females exhibit no parenta</span><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">l care. Adults
are primarily solitary, except for the mating season.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Loup, J. 2004. “Regina septemvittata" (On-line), Animal Diversity
Web. Accessed April 17, 2012 at </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Regina"><span style="background-color: white;">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Regina</span></a><span style="background-color: white;"> septemvittata.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Uetz, Peter.; et all. “Regina septemvittata” (On-line). The Reptile
Database. Accessed April 17, 2012 at </span><a href="http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Regina&species=septemvittata&searchpara%09m=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29">http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Regina&species=septemvittata&searchparam=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thamnophis butleri </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Butler’s Garter Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> MidWest United States, Southern Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodW-_-8XhXUHrU3uOF2euQwHovFMoKP3RxfN400DhRdCms2t3r_Fsy_cAusNK6x777ZpOPbLOXLdGHiT33zAzvKJw0ln3ucQ5p-j0czLWqVsJBGBei3j6d_uYx_r97aNb13SLiLbSp22u/s1600/thamnophis+butleri.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodW-_-8XhXUHrU3uOF2euQwHovFMoKP3RxfN400DhRdCms2t3r_Fsy_cAusNK6x777ZpOPbLOXLdGHiT33zAzvKJw0ln3ucQ5p-j0czLWqVsJBGBei3j6d_uYx_r97aNb13SLiLbSp22u/s400/thamnophis+butleri.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Adult Butler’s Garter Snake have a approx.
length of 38-73.3cm. They have dark brown/olive bodies with 3 distinct yellow
or orange dorsal stripes, with possible dark spots in between stripes. They
have keeled scales and narrow heads. Their ventral side is yellow or orange,
with black spots running along the edge. Butler’s Garter Snake are sexually
dimorphic, with males being smaller than females, qith longer tails. They can
be distinguished from the Eastern Garter Snake because their dorsal stripes
occupy scale rows 2-4, while the Eastern Garter Snake’s stripes are confined to
the 2 and 3 row. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Butler Garter Snakes live in and around wet meadows
and prarires near ponds and lakes. They eat mostly crayfish or small rodents,
and are generally solitary, except for when hibernating. During summer months,
their actions are mostly nocturnal, and they hibernate in groups in
hibernaculum underground during the winter. They breed upon leaving the
hibernaculum each year and are ovoviviparous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Loup, J. 2004. "Thamnophis butleri" (On-line), Animal
Diversity Web. Accessed April 17, 2012 at </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Thamnophis_butleri.html"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Thamnophis_butleri.html</span></a><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Uetz, Peter.; et all. “Thamnophis butleri” (On-line). The Reptile
Database. Accessed April 17, 2012 at</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=butleri&search_para%09m=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29"><span style="color: black;">http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=butleri&search_para</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">m=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29</span></a><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Garter Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG9eqHCA95mpStS9CXb7cHD09WJlMH1-xChQF6SVpDGYWokyXrCjoAB8eKVmuNhQ_wS8M_HaO7-oc-iIDjERkJ-NJ5rZVDwPgpBJ2DajU1sbmNpBdrKcV5oRDy_UD94GL4ERZq7CKRdxJH/s1600/thamnophis+sirtalis+sirtalis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG9eqHCA95mpStS9CXb7cHD09WJlMH1-xChQF6SVpDGYWokyXrCjoAB8eKVmuNhQ_wS8M_HaO7-oc-iIDjERkJ-NJ5rZVDwPgpBJ2DajU1sbmNpBdrKcV5oRDy_UD94GL4ERZq7CKRdxJH/s400/thamnophis+sirtalis+sirtalis.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> S. Canada, USA (OH), Gulf of Mexico area</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Eastern Garter Snakes can grow up to 46
-123cm in length. They have variable coloration, though most are dark
brown/olve with three yellow or orange dorsal stripes. The stripes may be not
well defined, or interspaced with dark spots, giving them a checkerboard
pattern. They have keeled scales, with heads that are slightly wider than their
body. Their tongues are red tipped with black, and their chin, neck, and
ventral side are pale yellow or white. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> The Eastern Garter Snake is highly adaptive, living
in many different habitats, though it prefer wet or moist soils near bodies of
water. They typically eat amphibians, although they also eat a larger range of
prey when needed. They typically hibernate throughout the winter time, though
they can be seen basking on rock son some winter days. They can be
distinguished from their similarly appearing Butler’s Garter Snake by the
stripes on their back. In the Eastern Garter Snake, the dorsal stripes are
confined to scale rows 2 and 3, while the Butler’s Garter Snake has stripes
that extend onto the fourth scale row.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><span style="background-color: white;">Loup, J. 2004. "Thamnophis sirtalus" (On-line), Animal
Diversity Web. Accessed April 17, 2012 at </span></u><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Thamnophis_sirtalus.html"><span style="background-color: white;">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Thamnophis_sirtalus.html</span></a><u><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><span style="background-color: white;">Uetz, Peter.; et all. “Thamnophis sirtalus” (On-line). The Reptile
Database. Accessed April 17, 2012 at </span></u><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=sirtalus&search_para%09m=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29">http://reptiledatabase.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=sirtalus&search_para m=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29</a></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thamnophis radix radix </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Plains Garter Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern; Endangered in Ohio</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b>
S. Canada & U.S. – Wyandot County, OH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0btG6EHFEklzF64tiIk5NkuhFezjgQPJ_CzIRYiGYC8rpphm_IqrPPE78b0F9o2Ujbc7WUWVLaNGOdmEk9C9Xqdc8TO1Gw8DDf9raB9dfvkPrfoPKVNLzowRMDuNZH5qk-AlDsDT0Bph/s1600/thamnophis+radix.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0btG6EHFEklzF64tiIk5NkuhFezjgQPJ_CzIRYiGYC8rpphm_IqrPPE78b0F9o2Ujbc7WUWVLaNGOdmEk9C9Xqdc8TO1Gw8DDf9raB9dfvkPrfoPKVNLzowRMDuNZH5qk-AlDsDT0Bph/s400/thamnophis+radix.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Small
to medium sized snake (18-26 inches in length).
A distinguishing feature of <i>T. radix radix</i> versus other <i>Thamnophis
</i>species is the presence of yellow lateral stripes on the third and fourth
scale row. The dorsal lateral stripe is
more orange than the yellowish lateral stripes. Ventral scales grayish green
with black dots along the margins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>Ovoviviparous
species that is typically active from April-October. Diet preferences include: slugs, earthworms,
amphibians, small mammals, and birds. Commonly inhabits wet prairie and meadow
habitat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=radix&search_param=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=radix&search_param=%28%28taxon%3D%27Natricinae%27%29%29</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Garter_Snake"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Garter_Snake</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plains_gartersnake.jpg#filelinks</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thamnophis sauritus sauritus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Ribbon Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b>
SE Canada, USA – Pan OH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnjdeHP4zynzwcehiXjVFmgm6rvrTJgi1qyW8f_nxMjlzoPdY6-nkJ35KqurEaJPQGOldFE0BVgw00n0M0rIzR2x48VPYRrS0KaIi_daQuAwcNu0Db97ZEUCW8YAUIL7c3WBBWi0xDsvV7/s1600/thamnophis+sauritus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnjdeHP4zynzwcehiXjVFmgm6rvrTJgi1qyW8f_nxMjlzoPdY6-nkJ35KqurEaJPQGOldFE0BVgw00n0M0rIzR2x48VPYRrS0KaIi_daQuAwcNu0Db97ZEUCW8YAUIL7c3WBBWi0xDsvV7/s400/thamnophis+sauritus.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Small
to medium sized snake (18-24 inches in length). Similar looking to common
garter snakes, however have a distinctive long tail, comprising one-third its
entire body length. Reddish-brown body color with yellowish lateral stripes on
the third and fourth scale rows. Dorsal stripe is yellow-greenish tinge in
color. This species can also be
recognized by its completely white supra- and infra-labial scales and a white
preocular scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Ovoviviparous
species that is typically active April-October, but will hibernate in colder
temperatures. Diet preferences include:
fish, tadpoles, salamanders, frogs, and toads. Commonly inhabit riparian zones
along lakes, ponds, swamps, but have also been found in wet prairie, meadows,
and moist woods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ribbon_Snake">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ribbon_Snake</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/EasternRibbonSnake.jpg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Ribbon Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b>
Canada & U.S. – Northern OH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPGlsHBZJ69EccLLr9LM4PQ-7sDsa5u_VP-bzBzSKdR6aBe8JP6_-Ok_lYJJnUjEuDO5L7Ikh_jZiX4DMvB4eRDOFn6B5eqYn_GOV-T7IBeDZUftaOGsP30JMQVsx_1ycteffiLol8veA/s1600/thamnophis+sauritus+sept.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPGlsHBZJ69EccLLr9LM4PQ-7sDsa5u_VP-bzBzSKdR6aBe8JP6_-Ok_lYJJnUjEuDO5L7Ikh_jZiX4DMvB4eRDOFn6B5eqYn_GOV-T7IBeDZUftaOGsP30JMQVsx_1ycteffiLol8veA/s320/thamnophis+sauritus+sept.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b>
Small to medium sized snake (18-26 inches in length). Similar looking to common
garter snakes, however have a distinctive long tail, comprising one-third its
entire body length. Dark brown-black body color with yellowish lateral stripes on
the third and fourth scale rows. Dorsal stripe is also yellow and commonly
masked with brown pigment. This species can also be recognized by its
completely white supra- and infra-labial scales and a white preocular scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Ovoviviparous
species that is typically active April-October, but will hibernate in colder
temperatures. Diet preferences include:
fish, tadpoles, salamanders, frogs, and toads. Commonly inhabit riparian zones
along lakes, ponds, swamps, but have also been found in wet prairie, meadows,
and moist woods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.arkive.org/eastern-ribbon-snake/thamnophis-sauritus/#text=References&textLocation=reference_2">http://www.arkive.org/eastern-ribbon-snake/thamnophis-sauritus/#text=References&textLocation=reference_2</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.flickr.com/photos/61818086@N03/5625266951/sizes/m/in/photostream/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Storeria dekayi wrightorum </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Midland Brown Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Within Ohio: Western half and
Northern Ohio; S. Maine, S. Canada, to North Carolina.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVN8CfYUe_dlnFc2d9RgkjgAZVDs8WbSE1JUiJRWOn5665ChEibEdrcyNeKrAbKonQxSXNu7fR82yXHiB1w3m4COIsBGu9T4-Y4UXQOV2kOcvbTlQaAzTYZuD5b3X-UntcNR5BhRWwFcy5/s1600/storeria+dekayi+wrightorum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVN8CfYUe_dlnFc2d9RgkjgAZVDs8WbSE1JUiJRWOn5665ChEibEdrcyNeKrAbKonQxSXNu7fR82yXHiB1w3m4COIsBGu9T4-Y4UXQOV2kOcvbTlQaAzTYZuD5b3X-UntcNR5BhRWwFcy5/s320/storeria+dekayi+wrightorum.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">8-12
inches, record 20.75 inches. Dark downward streak on side of head. Scales
keeled. Has two parallel rows of dark spots down their back, these spots are
connected by dark crossbands forming a ladder-like pattern. Color varies from
light yellowish-brown/gray to dark brown.
The 4 mid-dorsal scales are usually lighter than rest of the body. Interbreeding between the Midland Brown and
the Northern Brown snake occurs frequently, resulting in a combination of
characteristics. The midland brown snake has 176 or more ventral and subcaudal
scales; the Northern brown snake has 175 or fewer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Do not bite when captured. Defend
themselves with musk glands. Found hiding under stones, logs, old boards, and
other such debris, where they feed on snails, slugs, worms, and soft-bodied
insects.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References: </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and
Amphibians Peterson field guide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide. Division of Wildlife 1-53.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Storeria dekayi dekayi </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Brown Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Within
Ohio: Western half and Northern Ohio; S. Maine, S. Canada, to North Carolina.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh6rKQnkg8fV47q2_S0VQlDedrHBbFjbl-iTCLm9RXz6lBOMQCXNJbxICzrJi6PYCIxjLK_YD5LE5a40EI4hwcxpmm-97FWYiUTOlw7OLhxVWFM2RgLmMcqggxHZJH-wlwQmPWIoC50FLm/s1600/storeria+dekayi+dekayi.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh6rKQnkg8fV47q2_S0VQlDedrHBbFjbl-iTCLm9RXz6lBOMQCXNJbxICzrJi6PYCIxjLK_YD5LE5a40EI4hwcxpmm-97FWYiUTOlw7OLhxVWFM2RgLmMcqggxHZJH-wlwQmPWIoC50FLm/s400/storeria+dekayi+dekayi.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> 8-12” in length. Dark downward streak on side of
head. Northern Brown snakes are almost identical to Midland Brown Snakes. Both
have two parallel rows of dark spots down their back, but on the Midland Brown
Snake these spots are connected by dark crossbands forming a ladder-like
pattern. Color varies from light yellowish-brown/gray to dark brown. The 4 mid-dorsal scales are usually lighter
than rest of the body. Interbreeding
between the Midland Brown and the Northern Brown snake occurs frequently,
resulting in a combination of characteristics.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Defend themselves with
musk glands, are not aggressive. Found under stones, logs, boards and other
cover objects and feed on snails, slugs, worms and soft-bodied insects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide. Division of Wildlife 1-53. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Redbelly Snake)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Northwest
Ohio; Nova Scotia to Central Florida, eastern parts of Kansas, Texas and
Oklahoma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQpWJkPPPVvpqUQtGFO_wolyEvkhNEz9QKrXFaeyE8L3I3PCSqbkhkWjQ66hIPm3gWM13wKiJpL-IXNl2RHG3bv6K5TwRV8nKNuZ4nhnVRC4_obiFp7ECJW5SxUNCfP5qA-37iUhVrZvt/s1600/storeria+occipto.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQpWJkPPPVvpqUQtGFO_wolyEvkhNEz9QKrXFaeyE8L3I3PCSqbkhkWjQ66hIPm3gWM13wKiJpL-IXNl2RHG3bv6K5TwRV8nKNuZ4nhnVRC4_obiFp7ECJW5SxUNCfP5qA-37iUhVrZvt/s320/storeria+occipto.png" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> 8-10
inches, record 16 inches. Three light nape spots well defined; black pigment on
sides and back of head. Light mark on the 5<sup>th</sup> upper labial scale,
bordered below by black. Fairly light middorsal stripe. Most specimens are
grey, a few black. Belly color usually red, sometimes yellow or orange. Scales
keeled and in 15 rows. Anal divided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Spotty
distribution and very secretive. Common in many mountainous or upland parts of
the Northeast. Often found near or in open woods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References: </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and
Amphibians Peterson field guide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Virginia valeriae valeriae </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Smooth Earth Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; New Jersey to Florida;
west to Iowa, Kansas, and Texas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcEwAyVRtRi8Omn2fnq5LNGo7WtqpwOFdTkT34uyuZtP3rUMVY212ak3BlASmfM3saRAgzZTc3eZctui0VJML7LQMfKT-ZajNVc50dMcYQSRPF89glmlLXVhkqm8VWj_miGnhnpgdzv6zc/s1600/virginia.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcEwAyVRtRi8Omn2fnq5LNGo7WtqpwOFdTkT34uyuZtP3rUMVY212ak3BlASmfM3saRAgzZTc3eZctui0VJML7LQMfKT-ZajNVc50dMcYQSRPF89glmlLXVhkqm8VWj_miGnhnpgdzv6zc/s400/virginia.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Scales rows 15; scales mostly smooth, but
usually have faint keels near tail; usually have tiny black spots on dorsum;
gray to light brownish gray coloration; more stout bodied and lacks patterning
unlike the Northern brown snake; seven to ten inches in size; and small head.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> One of the most secretive snakes in North America,
usually hiding beneath flat rocks; viviparous; invertebrate diet; habitat
includes abandoned fields or surrounding trails, back roads, especially near
deciduous forests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles
and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:324-325. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of wildlife 1-53. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Virginia+valeriae+valeriae&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1189&bih=598&tbm=isch&tbnid=1PIx6G0GbyPmPM:&imgrefurl=http://flickriver.com/photos/nclarkii/3464039470/&docid=1mFPI-Cqn-3nBM&itg=1&imgurl=http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3664/3464039470_157b701339.jpg&w=500&h=334&ei=UZOJT8CPI6jk0QHC_8C0CQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=90&vpy=244&dur=598&hovh=160&hovw=232&tx=121&ty=79&sig=100564942625994707340&page=1&tbnh=121&tbnw=159&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:95</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u>Colubridae: Dipsadinae</u></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Diadophis punctatus edwardsi </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Ringneck Snake)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_HUt1UXE8oFxseSiVWs2jd8Ef68Fa2qQBbiyXsMQU6UFPyVYbFzUkjaB9JGX2bpOyzOKwEYzJ3-TAXOjve9c_4tSuRS9GfuzrjrqWFzEq_pVsmWn8SEb19WYWjqNC22PQ54YoUGL8yf6H/s1600/diadophis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_HUt1UXE8oFxseSiVWs2jd8Ef68Fa2qQBbiyXsMQU6UFPyVYbFzUkjaB9JGX2bpOyzOKwEYzJ3-TAXOjve9c_4tSuRS9GfuzrjrqWFzEq_pVsmWn8SEb19WYWjqNC22PQ54YoUGL8yf6H/s400/diadophis.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Throughout Ohio, except for the
west-central and extreme northwest counties; Nova Scotia to northeast
Minnesota; south through uplands to north Georgia and northeast Alabama; north
in Mississippi Valley to Illinois</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Golden collar around the neck; dorsal
coloration is variable, bluish black, bluish gray, slate, or brownish; ventral
side is yellow and occasionally has a row or partial row of small black dots
down the center; ten to fifteen inches in size; smooth scales; anal scales
divided. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Commonly found in cutover areas which include a
large amount of hiding places; hide under ricks, logs, pieces of bark, or other
rotting wood; consume salamanders, earthworms, small snakes, lizards, and
frogs; oviparous; when caught, display a mild temperament and discharge
contents of their musk glands; mainly nocturnal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles
and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:330-331. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of wildlife 1-53. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><o:p> </o:p>http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Diadophis+punctatus+edwardsii&start=87&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1189&bih=598&tbm=isch&tbnid=GtQAFJxdJdCiTM:&imgrefurl=http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/punctatus/Interesting&docid=L4KwT4uGeL1t9M&imgurl=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2792/5744878906_8cd3c961a4.jpg&w=500&h=333&ei=spmJT5y2KueQ0QHc2528CQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=674&sig=100564942625994707340&page=5&tbnh=136&tbnw=175&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:87,i:26&tx=124&ty=85</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Heterodon platyrhinos </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Hognose Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLPCXU6sicqTCV4YFn2dKW-iPBb2hd5eZMJQiq1upqdH42lqzPhDg2Xh8R80dCyZT8i-xxA4w6MsQJAXgEWMIl8_SFHAI98ReZMjMFHiMpt_TWsaGhMh2d4SoD13MB9nBxV5f2SQMVmkxr/s1600/heterodon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLPCXU6sicqTCV4YFn2dKW-iPBb2hd5eZMJQiq1upqdH42lqzPhDg2Xh8R80dCyZT8i-xxA4w6MsQJAXgEWMIl8_SFHAI98ReZMjMFHiMpt_TWsaGhMh2d4SoD13MB9nBxV5f2SQMVmkxr/s400/heterodon.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; New Hampshire to southern
Florida; west to Minnesota; southeast South Dakota, Kansas, and Texas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Upturned snout, which is keeled; variable
coloration, yellow, brown, gray, olive, orange, or red; normally spotted, but
black or plain gray are also common; ventral side is mottled, green or gray on
yellow, light gray, or pinkish; Underside of tail lighter than belly; twenty to
thirty-tree inches in length. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Found in dry, sandy areas; shows several different
behaviors, hissing, head and neck spreading, and playing ‘possum; flattens head
to form a cobra-like hood; consume toads and invertebrates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles
and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:327-328. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of wildlife 1-53. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><o:p> </o:p>http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Heterodon+platirhinos&start=86&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1189&bih=611&addh=36&tbm=isch&tbnid=V-YyL3Y3x-vVFM:&imgrefurl=http://www.herp-pix.org/heterodon/slides/P1010423.html&docid=atkDe0BulRa92M&imgurl=http://www.herp-pix.org/heterodon/P1010423.JPG&w=800&h=602&ei=O6eJT-KTDcTj0QHSv9mACg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=107&vpy=69&dur=382&hovh=195&hovw=259&tx=111&ty=82&sig=100564942625994707340&page=5&tbnh=137&tbnw=177&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:86,i:5</span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Carphophis amoenus amoenus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Worm Snake)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbCHuWEut2S9VJ7jm9zAoorQvlDDLq51WkGjbKdSyecylkvUZlsfAKIYrizXbcynpCP47OKf0SX5DEc_z-nNQete8qZ6E-TA9-m9H5SbqKUjSny8-R-u8XNHbZ4f2N-QYZQgqwB2gYTNT-/s1600/carphophis+amoen.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbCHuWEut2S9VJ7jm9zAoorQvlDDLq51WkGjbKdSyecylkvUZlsfAKIYrizXbcynpCP47OKf0SX5DEc_z-nNQete8qZ6E-TA9-m9H5SbqKUjSny8-R-u8XNHbZ4f2N-QYZQgqwB2gYTNT-/s400/carphophis+amoen.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southeastern Ohio; New England to South
Carolina, central Georgia, and central Alabama </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Looks like a common earthworm; dorsal side
is plain brown; belly and adjacent one or two rows of dorsal scales are pink;
pointed head; two internasal and prefrontal scales; smooth and opalescent
scales; Eight to ten inches in size; distinct from the Midwest Worm Snake
because it does not have each prefrontal scale fused with the corresponding
internasal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Rarely encountered in the open; can be found under
large, flat pieces of rock, under logs, and other debris; prefer moist ground;
consume worms and other soft-bodied invertebrates; oviparous.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles
and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:333-334. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of wildlife 1-53.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Carphophis amoenus helenae </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Midwest Worm Snake)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least concern</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAw6vhT5vW-pL2vK5zKUTpGmXwcJEViFQ4LeJjy3nDUmJVXLZf48xqIw6acXCthwBCJBTJ2jHR17-DWvXz3WLM-L1n-0Ff2gte5BRSRRsWfmTmhOqtXdHyNvRxS0jWJNGITSiHoB1TzANJ/s1600/carphophis+hel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAw6vhT5vW-pL2vK5zKUTpGmXwcJEViFQ4LeJjy3nDUmJVXLZf48xqIw6acXCthwBCJBTJ2jHR17-DWvXz3WLM-L1n-0Ff2gte5BRSRRsWfmTmhOqtXdHyNvRxS0jWJNGITSiHoB1TzANJ/s320/carphophis+hel.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; Illinois, eastern
Arkansas, south to the Gulf</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Similar looking to the common earthworm;
dorsal side is plain brown; belly and adjacent one or two rows of dorsal scales
are pink; pointed head; two internasal and prefrontal scales; smooth and
opalescent scales; Eight to ten inches in size; distinct from the Eastern Worm
Snake because each prefrontal scale is fused with the corresponding internasal.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Not typically in open areas; found under large,
flat pieces of rock, under logs, and other debris; usually in moist ground;
consume worms and other soft-bodied invertebrates; oviparous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles
and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:333-334. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of wildlife 1-53. </span></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><u>Colubridae: Colubrinae</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Opheodrys vernalis </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Smooth Green Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxO9IPZF5S4hdNZJaQ9ENopXEWl1ja8G4Ydww601Z5iFeQlHoME_QYoH5QzvICmfp8vQOWhzPzfdyQZg7i4HkHisQjEnl8yIecfxlNMAUdw062bWeRfxy9CWzrHPjDtbiIps-cyIqb9qR_/s1600/opheodrys+vern.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxO9IPZF5S4hdNZJaQ9ENopXEWl1ja8G4Ydww601Z5iFeQlHoME_QYoH5QzvICmfp8vQOWhzPzfdyQZg7i4HkHisQjEnl8yIecfxlNMAUdw062bWeRfxy9CWzrHPjDtbiIps-cyIqb9qR_/s400/opheodrys+vern.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Northeastern United States and into
Southeastern Canada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Grows
to 12 - 20 in. Bright green dorsal
scales with yellowish to white ventral scales; scales <i>smooth</i>. <i>O. vernalis</i> is very similar in appearance, but smaller and thicker
bodied (relative to length) than <i>O.
aestivus</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Primarily
terrestrial; rarely climbs. Feeds on
insects and spiders. Generally found
inhabiting prairie remnents<sup>1</sup>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact:</b> As with other members of this genus, scales
fade to a dull blue after death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">1 Reptiles of Ohio field guide</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and Amphibians Peterson field guide.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Opheodrys aestivus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Rough Green Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least Concern</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FXoaEI-L6H_BGrmo3Eo0Fj4fk2Q2FoGCjNtmkQrfp44T4YBVBuhv3WmTfNOY1eq7RzPqFWzfyQUUL32PQMzmu5oucDPug3wPvZdgsP6Dnwq93H5bQ0UL1hWf0CYe6aG1RLCuPqUFyXui/s1600/opheo+aes.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FXoaEI-L6H_BGrmo3Eo0Fj4fk2Q2FoGCjNtmkQrfp44T4YBVBuhv3WmTfNOY1eq7RzPqFWzfyQUUL32PQMzmu5oucDPug3wPvZdgsP6Dnwq93H5bQ0UL1hWf0CYe6aG1RLCuPqUFyXui/s400/opheo+aes.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southeastern United States; range
extends from Eastern Mexico to Southern Ohio and to the Atlantic coast. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Grows to 22-32 in. and very slender. Bright
green dorsal scales with yellowish to white ventral scales; scales <i>keeled</i>, anal scales divided.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Often found
in dense thickets of vegetation lining streams or lakes, especially
willow-lined streams<sup>1</sup>. <i>O. aestivus</i> is an excellent climber;
arboreal, but known to be semiaquatic. Feeds on insects and spiders. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact: </b> Color changes to a dull blue after death;
road-killed snakes with such coloration in Ohio likely belong to this
genus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">1 Reptiles of Ohio field guide</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and Amphibians Peterson field guide.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Coluber constrictor foxii </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Blue Racer)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Endangered</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK-QXEjHeTyZ0R1fuX5MpWNr9t_tbn-UmXMU_OaWAM8R_jCDk1uUFLPeWbBlr8kWOWuw2tGPCVOayYvvqQJ2B-cqMF4C1OhdkyrnxRpBW013zDX7w3PiMV2bvwUyvjiKWgbhyXS3sSJQrg/s1600/coluber+foxii.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK-QXEjHeTyZ0R1fuX5MpWNr9t_tbn-UmXMU_OaWAM8R_jCDk1uUFLPeWbBlr8kWOWuw2tGPCVOayYvvqQJ2B-cqMF4C1OhdkyrnxRpBW013zDX7w3PiMV2bvwUyvjiKWgbhyXS3sSJQrg/s400/coluber+foxii.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Midwestern United States; range
extending from most of Ohio (excepting Southern and Eastern Ohio) to the lower
peninsula of Michigan and Eastern Iowa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Grows
to 36 – 60 in. Dorsal scales are plain
blue (or greenish/grayish) and darker near head, ventral scales are blueish and
somewhat pale; white coloration in the region of the chin and throat; as with <i>C. constrictor constrictor</i>, juveniles
(typically less than 30 in.) may exhibit blotchy patterning with grays, browns
and reds. Scales <i>smooth, </i>anal scales
divided. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Diurnal
snakes, mostly terrestrial but may climb trees to escape predators. Generally, quick to flee, but might fight
fiercely when cornered; also, may shake tails to disturb dried leaves to mimic the
sounds of rattlesnakes. <i>C. foxii </i>found
in open habitats. Feeds on a wide
variety of foods (rodents, birds, snakes, eggs, grasshoppers etc.)<sup>1</sup></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">1 Reptiles of Ohio field guide</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and Amphibians Peterson field guide.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Coluber constrictor constrictor </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Black Racer)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status:</b> Least Concern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoP5ftpfj7qeN0mK8lxC1T9-42yZtqmUK94x5KHE9YDLWqht19KviQtHnS3dnZbsCkDkNrgWmwC3m6w8CDj_KMVC-mnX68K5aIg7IPsPNp_SO0dFiLvyfcVgj-MMdwFisp-JmDpJxOeQHV/s1600/coluber+constrictor.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoP5ftpfj7qeN0mK8lxC1T9-42yZtqmUK94x5KHE9YDLWqht19KviQtHnS3dnZbsCkDkNrgWmwC3m6w8CDj_KMVC-mnX68K5aIg7IPsPNp_SO0dFiLvyfcVgj-MMdwFisp-JmDpJxOeQHV/s400/coluber+constrictor.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Most of the Northeastern United States;
a line through Eastern and Southern Ohio
marks the edge of its range. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics:</b> Grows
to 36 – 60 in. Dorsal and ventral scales
are black, and often with a small amount of white in the region of the chin or
throat; however, juveniles (typically less than 30 in.) may exhibit blotchy
patterning with grays, browns and reds.
Scales <i>smooth, </i>anal scales
divided. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology:</b> Diurnal
snakes, mostly terrestrial but may climb trees to escape predators. Generally, quick to flee, but might fight
fiercely when cornered; also, may shake tails to disturb dried leaves to mimic the
sounds of rattlesnakes. Feeds on a wide
variety of foods (rodents, birds, snakes, eggs, grasshoppers etc.)<sup>1</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">1 Reptiles of Ohio field guide</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R. and J. Collins. 1998. Reptiles and Amphibians Peterson field guide.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">P</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: black;">antherophis obsoletus obsoletus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Black Rat Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Stat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a>us: </b>Least Concern
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPMBMRpSD5OaNcjAk8B_CUi6HjSSTO_AyK62Ae82ARvCT6b6-YfzJujB05TW1o5_xL127VfRfRFh-f5hb_6pbfM9RSZZeBXURvVS08VO62MvVbLeCtbRjgVtTZr9bxcCNc_G0jMr8HBp5/s1600/pantherophis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPMBMRpSD5OaNcjAk8B_CUi6HjSSTO_AyK62Ae82ARvCT6b6-YfzJujB05TW1o5_xL127VfRfRFh-f5hb_6pbfM9RSZZeBXURvVS08VO62MvVbLeCtbRjgVtTZr9bxcCNc_G0jMr8HBp5/s400/pantherophis.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>C/E USA (SE Nebraska, E Kansas, Oklahoma, E
Texas, SE Minnesota, S/E Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia,
West Virginia, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York,
Connecticut, Massachusetts, S Michigan, W Vermont, Pennsylvania), S Canada. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Rat
snakes are on average 42-72 inches (106.7-183 cm) in length and are covered
with keeled scales. The coloration is a shiny black, with any variations of
lighter color being displayed on the skin between the scales.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>They are
oviparous and can lay clutches of up to 40 eggs. Common rat snakes are
excellent climbers and will be found in trees often. Rat snakes are primarily
rodent eaters but will also consume lizards and frogs. The Eastern rate snake
is a constricting colubrid, and thus kills with its strong bodily coils.<span style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Herpetology: An
Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles</i>. Vitt, Caldwell. 2009.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63864/0"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63864/0</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Pantherophis&species=obsoletus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Pantherophis%27%29%29"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Pantherophis&species=obsoletus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Pantherophis%27%29%29</span></a></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_obsoletus.html"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_obsoletus.html</span></a></span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Pantherophis vulpinus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Fox Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least Concern
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHNMFbnsuf7iBEZ7WBN6O_sRR4iJdIFNYpuLXYo07WhX2JbElMBqz8TdMhli_LhwU-BhRFqykqeQi0wv4FRj__Mzc9k7FZWF1cOqHtBY5gt8Bv7XTL05txcDVEAbUf7gyipB-ichfldQg/s1600/pantherophis+vulpinus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHNMFbnsuf7iBEZ7WBN6O_sRR4iJdIFNYpuLXYo07WhX2JbElMBqz8TdMhli_LhwU-BhRFqykqeQi0wv4FRj__Mzc9k7FZWF1cOqHtBY5gt8Bv7XTL05txcDVEAbUf7gyipB-ichfldQg/s400/pantherophis+vulpinus.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>USA
(east of the Mississippi River: Wisconsin, Illinois, E Missouri, Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio), SW Canada<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b> The Fox snake is reported at sizes from 91 to
137 cm, with a published record of 179. The general coloration pattern is
blotched with either light brown or black spots. The head can be brown to
reddish, the belly yellow and black checkered, and the scales are lightly
keeled. It should be noted that juveniles have a completely different coloration
scheme - <span style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 115%;">T</span>he dark spots are a full brown surrounded
by black or dark brown. On the head, a dark transverse line runs anterior to
eyes and a dark line also runs from eye to angle of jaw, yet these fade with
age<span style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>Fox
snakes are found in grasslands, prairies, dune areas, farm fields, pastures,
and woodlots and are usually located close to water. They are actively mating
from April to July and the female will
lay her eggs from late June to early August. The clutch can vary in size from 6
to 29 eggs, leathery in nature, that are between 4 and 5 centimeters. The young
will then hatch from late August to October. Prey items include small mammals
and occasional birds captured and killed with constriction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact: </b>In a form
of behavioral mimicry, they will often shake their tail tip in detritus to
produce whipping, rattlesnake-like noises when agitated. This is to advertise
its presence but often unfortunately identifies them as a threat to humans who
will then take actions to kill. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Herpetology: An
Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles</i>. Vitt, Caldwell. 2009.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63866/0"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/63866/0</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Pantherophis&species=vulpinus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Pantherophis%27%29%29"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Pantherophis&species=vulpinus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Pantherophis%27%29%29</span></a></div>
</div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Milk Snake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Not Assessed</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpcrjN6z3P75hJ0XG_HjofIOO4UQILl9PWfMp9jaAEHITYpf2RHDRNvqIdmfdjGARp_d99OjR8ANKuMpaphK9ckRGo_wkcUFI7LGxlrrom_tJY1zbmd8rYGGckk5DXz7Qi1GFMwhLK8tl/s1600/lampropeltis+triang.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpcrjN6z3P75hJ0XG_HjofIOO4UQILl9PWfMp9jaAEHITYpf2RHDRNvqIdmfdjGARp_d99OjR8ANKuMpaphK9ckRGo_wkcUFI7LGxlrrom_tJY1zbmd8rYGGckk5DXz7Qi1GFMwhLK8tl/s400/lampropeltis+triang.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Maine
to Minnesota, Wisconsin, N Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina,
Illinois, Kentucky, S Quebec (Canada). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b><i>L. triangulum triangulum </i>can grow from
two to three feet long. The ventral scales present a black and white
checkerboard pattern, while dorsally, a v-shape blotch is on the nape of the
neck. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b>There
are twenty five subspecies of <i>L.
triangulum </i>but the only one that occurs within Ohio is <i>L. triangulum triangulum</i>. This is a true constrictor and will squeeze
the breath out of its prey with multiple, muscular coils. The prey of choice is
often mice and the milksnake may sometimes enter buildings or barns in search
of food.<b> </b>They prefer activity at
night and are cryptic and reserved during daytime hours. When agitated it may
bite, but it is non-venomous and the fangs will barely puncture skin. They are
oviparous snakes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Fun Fact: </b>The
common name for the Ohio subspecies comes from its tendency to inhabit
rodent-infested barns. It was said that at night, they would milk the cows –
hence the miksnake moniker.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>References: </b><a href="http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf">http://www.flipseekllc.com/wildohio2009reptiles.pdf</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Lampropeltis&species=triangulum&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Lampropeltis%27%29%28species%3D%27triangulum%27%29%29">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Lampropeltis&species=triangulum&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Lampropeltis%27%29%28species%3D%27triangulum%27%29%29</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i>Herpetology: An
Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles</i>. Vitt, Caldwell. 2009.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Lampropeltis getula nigra </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Black Kingsnake)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Status: </b>Least concern <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKBKNYg8np2eG9eW-qQkic2f7c24_shpiNJgGFP-sKPEQHCqGx9S3AyBQ4SrYcyBBGRrnEhgY_O7LxNIye9mwB9N_BBN-3m1fYykGanw4r-4Nj_e2tuxtjmjM11uzHPok-stq74tumWfl/s1600/lampropeltis+getula.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKBKNYg8np2eG9eW-qQkic2f7c24_shpiNJgGFP-sKPEQHCqGx9S3AyBQ4SrYcyBBGRrnEhgY_O7LxNIye9mwB9N_BBN-3m1fYykGanw4r-4Nj_e2tuxtjmjM11uzHPok-stq74tumWfl/s400/lampropeltis+getula.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Range/Distribution:</b> Southern Ohio; West
Virginia to southeast Illinois, south to central Alabama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Similar looking to the
Eastern Kingsnake, but with a chain-like pattern, which is greatly reduced and
shown by small white or yellow spots; some can have numerous yellow spots on
body; size ranges from 36 to 45 inches; smooth scales; single anal scales. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Biology:</b> Bask in open spaces in the early
spring and fall, other than these times very secretive; can be found under logs
and rocks; nocturnal; live in dry, rocky hills, open woods, dry prairies, and
stream valleys; consume small mammals, lizards, birds, and small snakes; immune
to all normal quantities of venom from native venomous snakes. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio field guide. Division of
wildlife 1-53. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%;">Conant, R., J.T. Collins. 1998. A field
guide to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America 3:368-369. <span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Viperidae: </span></b><b><span style="color: black;">Crotalinae</span></b></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></b></u></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Agkistrodon contortrix mokasan </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Northern Copperhead: Mokasan)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least
concern</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IGqzfS5uNaG53FYWYjo0yZwkZ2L4uKH_US6E5v9BQ__tyJo1zWQap0samAxWhsFGsAHQb7EWCd0WFUGRjFlMbtAQ4-HXYrT9rguZZx7XKts5IIHeo62u6kGExOnHmNlGIdQSlaDgttvp/s1600/agkistrodon+contor.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IGqzfS5uNaG53FYWYjo0yZwkZ2L4uKH_US6E5v9BQ__tyJo1zWQap0samAxWhsFGsAHQb7EWCd0WFUGRjFlMbtAQ4-HXYrT9rguZZx7XKts5IIHeo62u6kGExOnHmNlGIdQSlaDgttvp/s400/agkistrodon+contor.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b>Found
throughout New England as far south as Florida and extending throughout much of
the eastern half of the U.S. and into parts of northern Mexico. In Ohio, <i>A.
c. mokasen </i>is found primarily in the southeast parts of the state. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b><i>A. c. mokasen</i> ranges from approximately
24–36 inches in total length as adults, reaching up to 53 inches. They are brownish copper in color with darker
brown bands that frequently have small dark spots within them. Scales are weakly keeled, and at least the
anterior subcaudals are undivided. Like
all crotaline snakes, they possess a pair of infrared-sensitive labial pits
between the eyes and nares. They are one
of three venomous snakes found in Ohio (all of which are in Crotalinae), and
are the only Ohio pit viper that lacks a rattle. When young, the tip of the tail is a lighter
and often yellowish.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b><i>A. c. mokase<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2424598871502183234" name="_GoBack"></a>n</i> are
most often found on rocky, wooded hillsides, although they can also be found in
floodplains and ridge tops. Like most
crotaline snakes, they are viviparous.
They are primarily active at night, when they hunt a variety of small
vertebrate prey. During the winter they
hibernate, typically in communal dens.
Although they lack a rattle, if disturbed, they will vibrate their tail
as a defensive display and strike.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant,
R., and J.T. Collins. 1998. <i>A field guide
to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America, Third Edition,
expanded</i>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co., Pp. 397–398. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database (http://www.reptile-database.org)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles
of Ohio Field Guide. Division of wildlife 1-53.</span></div>
</div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Sistrurus catenatus catenatus </span></i></b><b><span style="color: black;">(Eastern Massassauga)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least
concern</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjicoDqPyEWGWlibJo6is0nJn-SE8QkCPO1LmIpy_iRl-8zasnLiXK7NMXob51YMFPMg5NYiSfDMD2S372GG8ebnIVRk95lTeyj5CA10tRhAVDVeDtqn0stRz4IwdWXhG_2oamc_U1K1mlg/s1600/sistrurus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjicoDqPyEWGWlibJo6is0nJn-SE8QkCPO1LmIpy_iRl-8zasnLiXK7NMXob51YMFPMg5NYiSfDMD2S372GG8ebnIVRk95lTeyj5CA10tRhAVDVeDtqn0stRz4IwdWXhG_2oamc_U1K1mlg/s400/sistrurus.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b><i>S. c. catenatus </i>is found primarily in
the Great Lakes areas of the U.S. and Canada.
In Ohio, they have a scattered distribution throughout the state, and
are considered endangered in Ohio.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b>Adults
typically range from 18.5–30 inches long, potentially reaching 39.5
inches. They are brownish grey to almost
black with large black/brown spot on the dorsal surface of the body and three
rows of smaller lateral spots. The
ventral scales are black with irregular lighter markings. They possess an undivided anal scale. Like all crotaline snakes, they possess a
pair of infrared-sensitive labial pits between the eyes and nares. They are one of three venomous snakes found
in Ohio (all of which are in Crotalinae), and one of two that possesses a
rattle at the end of the tail. The other
species of rattlesnake in Ohio is the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>), which is generally larger than <i>S. c. catenatus</i> and possesses a mixture
of small and large scales on the crown of the head, unlike <i>S. c. catenatus, </i>which possesses nine large scales (plates) on the
crown.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b><i>S. c. catenatus </i>are typically found in
wet prairies, bogs, swamps, and other wetlands, but can also be found in dry
forest. Like most crotaline snakes, they
are viviparous. If threatened, they will
vibrate their tails, producing a characteristic sound with the rattle. They primarily hunt small mammals, but will
also consume a variety of small vertebrates.
They hibernate during the winter, often in communal dens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. 1998. <i>A field guide to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America, Third Edition, expanded</i>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co., Pp. 397–398.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database (http://www.reptile-database.org)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide. Division of wildlife 1-53.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></i></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Crotalus horridus </span></i><span style="color: black;">(Timber Rattlesnake)</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Status: </b>Least
concern</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNEFcvZK1XWg8Vm9V6HAxC5xBJDG9iMMRMFYESkrK08RRndPfsIfurp3izGxVTn4yAQE-CZFq0wF_GEKMD5TGuSj9eUy2a-WrpyRKoOhejGukN56lHvoi0411gzPtxH5OF85V1PXVdDmu/s1600/crotalus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><img border="0" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNEFcvZK1XWg8Vm9V6HAxC5xBJDG9iMMRMFYESkrK08RRndPfsIfurp3izGxVTn4yAQE-CZFq0wF_GEKMD5TGuSj9eUy2a-WrpyRKoOhejGukN56lHvoi0411gzPtxH5OF85V1PXVdDmu/s400/crotalus.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Range/Distribution: </b><i>C. horridus </i>are found throughout much of
the eastern half of the U.S. In Ohio,
they are found in the very southern part of the state.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Characteristics: </b><i>C. horridus </i>typically ranges from 36–60
inches as adults, potentially reaching up to 74.5 inches. There are a number of color morphs of <i>C. horridus, </i>although only two are
generally found in Ohio. The yellow
morph features dark bands (which break up into dorsal and lateral rows of spots
anteriorly) on a background of brownish yellow.
The black morph features dark bands on a background of dark brown, and
individuals may even be completely black. Scales are keeled and the anal scale is
undivided. Like all crotaline snakes,
they possess a pair of infrared-sensitive labial pits between the eyes and
nares. They are one of three venomous
snakes found in Ohio (all of which are in Crotalinae), and one of two that
possesses a rattle at the end of the tail.
The other species of rattlesnake in Ohio is the Eastern Massasauga (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>), which is generally
smaller than <i>C. horridus</i> and
possesses nine large scales (plates) on the crown of the head, as opposed to
the mixture of large and small scales on the crown in <i>C. horridus</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><b>Biology: </b><i>C. horridus </i>typically inhabits wooded
areas. Like most crotaline snakes, they
are viviparous. If threatened, they will
vibrate their tails, producing a characteristic sound with the rattle. They primarily hunt small endothermic
vertebrates. <i>C. horridus </i>hibernates during the winter, typically in communal
dens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. 1998. <i>A field guide to reptiles and amphibians eastern and central North America, Third Edition, expanded</i>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co., Pp. 397–398.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">EMBL Reptile Database (http://www.reptile-database.org)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;">Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide. Division of wildlife 1-53.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br /></span><br />
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</div>Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10255911716153441524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-92055360230868593322012-04-16T22:09:00.001-04:002012-05-18T16:48:35.602-04:00Lab #7: Reptiles of the World - Cait F & Chris K<div class="post-header">
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/images/leftmenu/logo_2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/images/leftmenu/logo_2.gif" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Location: </span></b><a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/"><u><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo </span></u></a></span><br />
3900 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, Ohio 44109</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-9008953288494588772" itemprop="articleBody" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">In our final lab, our Biology of Reptilia class got the opportunity to see live reptiles extending from the preserved specimens we've observed in the lab at John Carroll University. Not only were there live specimens but they ranged in habitats far outside of Ohio and around the world</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">. This meant we got to see much more diversity than we would out in the field.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Here are the classifications of some of the reptiles we saw during our visit.</span></b></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Order</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">: Testudines</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span class="binomial"><b>Famil</b><b>y: </b><b>Carettochelyidae</b> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Carettochelys_insculpta_1210.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Carettochelys_insculpta_1210.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> Carettochelys insculpta</i> (</span>Pig-nosed/Fly River Turtle)<b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: R</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">ivers in the northern Australia, and Fly River in New Guinea
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Family: Chelidae<i style="font-weight: normal;"> </i></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.bioteck.org/Photogallery/Turtles%20and%20Tortoises/images/Cadago%20sideneck,%20Phrynops%20hilarii%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.bioteck.org/Photogallery/Turtles%20and%20Tortoises/images/Cadago%20sideneck,%20Phrynops%20hilarii%202.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal;"> Phrynops hilarii </i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Spot-bellied Side-necked Turtle)</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
<span class="st">Southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and Paraguay</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/1167_turtles_blandings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/1167_turtles_blandings.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal;"> </i></span></b></span><i>Emydoidea blandingii (Blanding's Turtle)</i><br />
<i> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
Provinces and states bordering the Great Lakes</span><i> </i><br />
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<a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/james_harding/Emydura.jpg/medium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/james_harding/Emydura.jpg/medium.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<i> </i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal;"> Emydura subglobosa</i> (</span></b>Red-bellied Side-necked Turtle)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range</b>: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Tempus Sans ITC; font-size: x-small;">Cape York
peninsula in Australia and the island of New Guinea</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chelodina_mccordi_at_the_Columbus_Zoo-2011_07_11_IMG_0644.JPG/270px-Chelodina_mccordi_at_the_Columbus_Zoo-2011_07_11_IMG_0644.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chelodina_mccordi_at_the_Columbus_Zoo-2011_07_11_IMG_0644.JPG/270px-Chelodina_mccordi_at_the_Columbus_Zoo-2011_07_11_IMG_0644.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i> Chelodina mccordi</i><i><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></i><span class="st">Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: </b><span class="st">Rote Island south west of Timor between New Guinea and Australia</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="st"> </span></span></div>
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<b>Family: Geoemydidae</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/1133_AnimalBatagarTurtle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/1133_AnimalBatagarTurtle.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i> <span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></i></span></b></span><i>Batagur baska</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"> (Batagur Turtle/River Terrapin)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: </b>
Sumatra, Thailand, Burma and the Malay Peninsula</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Callagur_borneoensis_1208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Callagur_borneoensis_1208.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b> </b></span></span><i>Callagur borneoensis</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (Malaysian Painted Terrapin)</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: </b>Southern Thailand through Malaysia to Sumatra and Borneo</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.asianturtlenetwork.org/photo_gallery/images_full_size/An_Indochinese_Box_turtle_Cuora_galbinifrons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.asianturtlenetwork.org/photo_gallery/images_full_size/An_Indochinese_Box_turtle_Cuora_galbinifrons.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span> <i>Cuora galbinifrons </i>(Indochinese Box Turtle)<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: China, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia</b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geoclemys_hamiltonii_1206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geoclemys_hamiltonii_1206.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i></span></span><i>Geoclemys hamiltonii</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i>(Spotted Pond Turtle)</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: </b>Pakistan, Northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b>Family: Podocnemididae</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Podocnemis_unifilis_%28Yellow_spotted_river_turtle%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Podocnemis_unifilis_%28Yellow_spotted_river_turtle%29.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><i>Podocnemis unifilis</i></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> (Yellow-spotted River Turtle)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: South American Amazon Basin</b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Family: </span></b> <b><span style="color: black;">Testudinidae</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geochelone_carbonaria_1163.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geochelone_carbonaria_1163.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i></span></span>
<i>Geochelone carbonaria</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i>(Red-footed Tortoise)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b> Northern and central South America</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geochelone_gigantea_1107.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Geochelone_gigantea_1107.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><i>Geochelone gigantea</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><i> </i>(Aldabra Tortoise)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="binomial"> </span>Northern part of Aldabra Island; Seychelles </span><br />
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<a href="http://suhoputka.ru/pic/pyxis-arachnoides.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://suhoputka.ru/pic/pyxis-arachnoides.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span class="binomial"><i>Pyxis arachnoides </i>(Spider Tortoise)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="binomial"> </span><span class="st">Madagascar</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"> </span></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b></b></span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b></b></span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="binomial"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Order</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">: Crocodilia</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Crocodylidae<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Osteolaemus_tetraspis_1118.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Osteolaemus_tetraspis_1118.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></b><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></span><i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i> </i>(Dwarf Crocodile) </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
West Africa - Sierra Leone, Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroons, Gabon, Liberia and Angola</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Gavialidae</span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Gavialis_gangeticus_1134.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Gavialis_gangeticus_1134.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></span><i>Gavialis gangeticus</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>(Gharial)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
India, Nepal, Pakistan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Order</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">: Squamata</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Group: </span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Sauria </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Chameleonidae<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Chamaeleo_pardalis_1025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Chamaeleo_pardalis_1025.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></b><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></span><i>Chamaeleo pardalis</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> (Panther Chameleon)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
East and Northern coasts of Madagascar, some surrounding small islands</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> Family: Iguanidae</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Brachylophus_fasciatus_%28Fijian_Iguana%29.jpg/300px-Brachylophus_fasciatus_%28Fijian_Iguana%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Brachylophus_fasciatus_%28Fijian_Iguana%29.jpg/300px-Brachylophus_fasciatus_%28Fijian_Iguana%29.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> </b><i> Brachylophus faciatus</i> (Fiji Banded Iguana)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Southeast Fijian islands, Tonga</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Gekkonidae</span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Eublepharis_macularius_1043.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Eublepharis_macularius_1043.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><i>Eublepharis macularius (Leopard Gecko)</i><br />
<i> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;">Range:</b>
Middle East and Asia from Iran to Pakistan and India.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYiM8P9XxWOcrsj6jTKKFHF0jB0xv3ZxuNlIuKe6FBXnebYUL10FZSh7ovniaK518RgbkHCJCTKVFFJDtflQKcvmNpW7_vUlY162TJrQqMDD2e7LAmdbrIXEkHoEgmBS4ojX_mVfuEKs/s1600/henkeli2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYiM8P9XxWOcrsj6jTKKFHF0jB0xv3ZxuNlIuKe6FBXnebYUL10FZSh7ovniaK518RgbkHCJCTKVFFJDtflQKcvmNpW7_vUlY162TJrQqMDD2e7LAmdbrIXEkHoEgmBS4ojX_mVfuEKs/s200/henkeli2.bmp" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;"> </span><i>Uroplatus henkeli</i> (Madagascar Leaf Tail Gecko)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range: Madagascar and surrounding islands</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><b><span style="color: black;">Family: Scincidae</span></b></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Corucia_zebrata_1090.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Corucia_zebrata_1090.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><i>Corucia zebrata</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> (Prehensile-tailed Skink)</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Solomon Islands</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Varanidae <i style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></i></span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Varanus_prasinus.jpg/240px-Varanus_prasinus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Varanus_prasinus.jpg/240px-Varanus_prasinus.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i></span></b><span style="color: black;"><i> Varanus prasinus</i> (Green Tree Monitor)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">New Guinea and the Torres Strait islands</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Order: Squamata </span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Group: Serpentes</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family: Boidae </span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZteitl1xo8q4tDCK1VMtGzwpPsFcNROaID_h18vXVfp8mVgembAugCGqXUVnArb-Vm-TcBF63FEXWcPOKkUrkD3gJwDOwgoW6Aov7gxiwDmasIbGO6gB5IfSWpHqXKW0j1kpKd4ntQ/s1600/Boa+Constrictor.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZteitl1xo8q4tDCK1VMtGzwpPsFcNROaID_h18vXVfp8mVgembAugCGqXUVnArb-Vm-TcBF63FEXWcPOKkUrkD3gJwDOwgoW6Aov7gxiwDmasIbGO6gB5IfSWpHqXKW0j1kpKd4ntQ/s200/Boa+Constrictor.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Boa constrictor</i> (Boa Constrictor)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
</span><span class="st"><span style="font-size: x-small;">North, Central, and South America & Caribbean islands</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Corallus_caninus_1138.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Corallus_caninus_1138.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><i>Corallus caninus</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> (Emerald Tree Boa)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
Amazon Basin: Peru, Ecuador, Brazil & Bolivia to the Guianas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.corallus.de/hortulanus/1299mi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.corallus.de/hortulanus/1299mi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Corallus hortulanus</i> (Amazon Tree Boa)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
South America</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family Colubridae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://kamikazereptile.com/DSCF0042_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://kamikazereptile.com/DSCF0042_edited.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span><span class="st"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philodryas baroni</i><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(Baron’s Racer)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
<span class="st">Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1.treknature.com/photos/8377/dsc00143.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://i1.treknature.com/photos/8377/dsc00143.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i> Spilotes pullatus</i> (Tiger Rat Snake)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b> <span class="st">Southern Central America, northern South America and Trinidad & Tobago</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Family Pythonidae:</span></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGxopKGksDXQ3rc5BWfVZ3kPgnjRs0WSE8nfYN4zLUObXa_VKSD1JEIsH4X-5fBxrxbxEjNhqJsBbtYTG666pkoiMkhbe4QVsC8rAPKYT1-0liHULvcn5IU07cIGAmxCtIBob-5PtAky-/s400/Morelia_viridis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGxopKGksDXQ3rc5BWfVZ3kPgnjRs0WSE8nfYN4zLUObXa_VKSD1JEIsH4X-5fBxrxbxEjNhqJsBbtYTG666pkoiMkhbe4QVsC8rAPKYT1-0liHULvcn5IU07cIGAmxCtIBob-5PtAky-/s200/Morelia_viridis.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chondropython viridis</i> (Green Tree Python)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
<span class="st">New Guinea<wbr></wbr>, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Python_reticulatas_1082.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Python_reticulatas_1082.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></span><i>Python reticulatas</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"> (Reticulated Python)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
India, Indochina</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Python_sebae_1226.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/images/Python_sebae_1226.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Python sebae</i> (African Rock Python)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"> Range:</b>
Africa south of the Sahara, Senegal to Ethiopia, Somalia to Namibia and to the Indian Ocean</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">(More in depth individual species descriptions for the certain reptiles at the zoo can be found on the zoo's <a href="http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/index.asp">animal database</a>).</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></div>
</div>Chris K and Cait Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16477140868337648831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-38223145359891431992012-04-08T08:51:00.021-04:002012-04-08T09:34:37.061-04:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJWIMI1D1Dh7INrj4lMDKz4U2ATuidBbCnJGuebSuc9RtCqhP2n6eLLXzeiEeUuIzhiazFX6HOU9-LkAPhd90wQmR67twdZPKaHBbo_4pOgu6zPPYdBruetkv9PiRcWU8KNBuBXG_Exw/s1600/BoR7+zooXVII.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJWIMI1D1Dh7INrj4lMDKz4U2ATuidBbCnJGuebSuc9RtCqhP2n6eLLXzeiEeUuIzhiazFX6HOU9-LkAPhd90wQmR67twdZPKaHBbo_4pOgu6zPPYdBruetkv9PiRcWU8KNBuBXG_Exw/s1600/BoR7+zooXVII.jpg" style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Reptile Biology Lab : Cleveland Zoo: Matt Knestrick & Megan Thornhill</span></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Intro: In today’s lab, we toured the rainforest exhibit at the Cleveland <span style="font-size: 100%; ">Zoo to see a variety of exotic reptile specimen that we</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span>had learned about in previous labs.</p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Families Seen:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><b><u>Order Testudines</u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i style="font-size: 100%; ">Carretochelyidae</i></p><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 186px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJWIMI1D1Dh7INrj4lMDKz4U2ATuidBbCnJGuebSuc9RtCqhP2n6eLLXzeiEeUuIzhiazFX6HOU9-LkAPhd90wQmR67twdZPKaHBbo_4pOgu6zPPYdBruetkv9PiRcWU8KNBuBXG_Exw/s200/BoR7+zooXVII.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729013868243044706" /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Within the turtles, we saw a variety of specimen belonging to various families. <span style="font-size: 100%; ">This family is the pig-nosed turtles, aptly named for their upturned noses. A representative was seen in </span><b style="font-size: 100%; "><i>Carretochelys insculpta </i></b><span style="font-size: 100%; ">(Fly River Pignosed Turtle). These </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">turtles are very similar to another </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">family not seen on display, Trionychidae (soft-</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">shelled turtles), due to their similar habitats.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><i>Chelidae</i> </span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">A representative of the family Chelidae (Australoamerican Side Neck Turtles) was the <i style="font-weight: normal; ">Phrynops </i><i style="font-size: 100%; ">hilarii </i><span style="font-size: 100%; ">(Spot-Bellied Side-neck Turtle), that are found in S. America, as well as the </span><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Emydura </span></i><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">subglobosa (</span></i><span style="font-size: 100%; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; ">Red-bellied short-necked turtle), and </span><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chelodina mccordi</span></i><span style="font-size: 100%; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; "> (Roti Island snake-</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 100%; ">necked turtle</span><b style="font-size: 100%; ">).</b></p><div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span ><i><br /></i><span style="font-size: 100%;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSHLuSIeazs2ZIdUb3dR6Suu-xGkScfIhpYgEq3RKxbZwbHsuDA6gM2YCJdxKGWDjkkMIrDumBikux81QThVzpV4ljWcXLK-hjdZtGJIAcqAkxsD4j8S4obyty2v56uNyewBAXpMb8Uw/s200/BoR7+zoo+I.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729014055228631026" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 164px; " /></span></span><div><span style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; "><span ><span style="font-size: 100%; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 178px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUTHnPmYOMIKe1a-hQBDqs4ygPsiRBzuToy81FWBqymGzNsKWOnwsWXKlmhcyEjivhwnTpqyEg_L2R81ej4fdCZecpqO2O25286dpFbftjXp91TQf04ZD4FycGbOmA29DpadQ3AzIAJw/s200/BoR7+zoo+II.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729014372045200226" /></span></span></span></div><div> <div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "><i>Geomydidae</i> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">The family Geomydidae is the Asian Box Turtles. It is represented by the species </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "><i>Batagur </i></b></div><div><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "><i>borneonsis </i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">(Painted River Terrapin), and the </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Geoclemys hamiltonii</span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "> (</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">black pond turtle</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; ">).</span></div></div><div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtdOWQrXMkiWxV8fjJkgmpSRbPzp9SUuYG6oedvbuavz3iDjROWmoBs3j6s9twrM1mXxA_xt8y5N97RITrNH-XZ27wrsJbokohFJxr1X6zoVZ0RGrTUuqbpRHTQXnrWNABFdE6wH3MiWo/s200/BoR7+zooXVI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729014760408796130" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 134px; height: 200px; " /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTaR4myoMrl3pZryY3SdpnAHUkzTcPaq3xyVZnlRhHIP0sh6JkTlo4xY88aXRkV49EF97m7JlVY6w9KLgfFuOhP3QEU-WB1YtLz97N8Sl-flbqDPl9yvQTQ3-M3L99cVupbRphJyxevpk/s200/BoR7+zooXV.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729014907658339586" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 184px; height: 200px; " /></div><div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Testudinidae</i></p></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzkuuU8Wef5LWICs2kmfBN_hX4RdaBGFZ9MUyFjsHISBIqaRBF7ALHqhZ1kbkI3-ApxG2Je3ON0tflJYEQjAU8UGtQUhAXKZpH4oveDZGyvPtmlM7DUZS5OW9_6ShO5dUbjIzModiZ0YM/s200/BoR7+zoo+IV.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729015917880152658" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 98px; " />This family is the tortoise family. It is represented by the species <b><i>Pyxus </i></b><b><i>arachnoids </i></b>(Spider Tortoise).</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><br /></p> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxyB8PPIoxYNoKcmZoEiqle5yDYAzAibzWpAuK-XUORg47TFMFT5c0wTn0ANTol1f3a9PjrzOsmd7w5oVkuozfDnuufUMF48J5ax8kqw21dbCQ16JEqTd8297n86DsKVbyBdluhQiuP5I/s200/BoR7+zoo+V.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729015459107312018" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 189px; height: 200px; " /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><b><u>Order Squamata (Sauria/ Lacertilia)<o:p></o:p></u></b></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju5tYHRGuw0ver1k50106lyA1-XdyKzAqzKarP1LSiJ9QpTR7vJLi7SRqWGFVgdPX8Tiul5lPabdhkq2TDtXznPNc5aMky8bA4-kwTgIIbQ_L2O5lfrVIaz7O-hi5zFN4N9L7VAQNsNQg/s200/BoR7+zoo+IX.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729015745554037010" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 188px; height: 200px; " /></div><div><i>Gekkonidae</i></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Family Gekkonidae are the Geckos. They are represented by the <i>Uroplatys henkeli</i> (Madagascar Leaf-Tail Gecko).</p><br /><br /></div><div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Iguanidae <o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i> </i>Family Iguanidae are the iguanas, and are represented by <i>Bracylophus faciatus</i> (Fiji Island Banded Iguana).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i> </i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i> </i></p> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsVaEO2vUGHF_wv6zyvC8_O_hD8PdW5bllKnozO9UlHxLvNPkhMzJGKCxZjvFba8WzECpzCnbTe2JAYZ7i3dpNorUs0bFjEd0pNAhvhqwD-cpPSHEduxu7fKlHgHg3j6uU1VYcgDKcIk/s200/BoR7+zooXI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729016470919260354" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 156px; height: 200px; " /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Scincidae</i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Family Scincidae are the Skinks, and are represented by <i>Corucia zebrata </i>(Prehensile-Tailed Skink).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p></div><div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Veranidae</i><o:p></o:p></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij8Im7LDxmq0u5-K-EQ8qApGvRHbDJXk7AGpZLUtnZ57llPZNh2GHVmGdPlOpLuq7WWFVtwBmxFKvWvbrI84OCej78l-IkeN_vD70Q3cSshkoRRCW2QK19OjFakHbyKAuqQg902-fflhE/s200/BoR7+X.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729016938339213650" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 115px; " /></div><div>Family Veranidae are the monitors and komodo dragons. The family is represented by <i>Veranus prasinus</i> (Green Tree Monitor).</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><b><u><br /></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><b><u>Order Squamata (Serpentes/Ophidia)<o:p></o:p></u></b></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3-n3u-a3Jy4VipHAsHOzKZsTkqceAhwDT4kINO2TxO9LQ1jLkeC8T1HGfVIF6FFvSZ8LNBknv0Uz1jszwbcpcj8i_rRbPrBUnlIKbZpVF8h7aZ8bVbsCl6KQHTl91f-8WGiq3DCuBqPM/s200/BoR7+zoo+VI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729017898737640866" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 167px; height: 200px; " /></div><div><br /><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgahpJXlQnazzyACgTAOZqMhFTT4sBAd3dD-SpGQBJnrynqklIxmlJM8e7J-m0dvV27s4hyc9emEzd3eP71tT_L4jhcjKEWBKFRdbXWMTcrUDWQZXRuu7-xrcpMJzJrSezukmgmg5uCQdA/s200/BoR7+zoo+III.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729017594826038114" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 128px; " /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Boidae<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Family Boidae are the Boas. They are broken into many subfamilies, one of which is Boinae. Boinae are represented by <i>Corallus caninus</i></p><div>(Emerald Tree Boa) and <i>Boa constrictor </i>(Boa Constrictor).</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><br /></div></div> <div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYwFIusYhpifYd7drBZFvqrf1ZLKjHd2v9whOvlxz5e5kytoJZaXdA1tBqkmzBjM2jB_qYuH8ZabUYpF7OC9Jn3HaSFu712vaBc8GPLVhS8ky9gVxIcgCm9P-vJxC1WlQiYrqxKinaXTM/s200/BoR7+zooXII.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729018323125951826" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px; " /></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Pythonidae<o:p></o:p></i></p><div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7BTFxo4qvKn0hNlcy6nOdr8jJ0UFphwfdT5_pkvVrKf3YkmpADT5fHwyos05y-M5LnBTC6yvQZSbnXVr1xwSFKCpKXJW4mi8UEfONHPrXywUAhd4YcjaFWV8-eSGhYAtF4kO9W7MR21w/s200/BoR7+zooXIII.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729018638495966562" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 195px; " /></div></div></div><div><br /></div> <div><div>Family Pythonidae</div><div><div> are the pythons. The family was represented by <i>Chondopython viridis</i> (Green Tree Python) and <i>Python reticulates</i> (Reticulated Python).</div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i><br /></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><div><span ><br /></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i><br /></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i>Colubridae<o:p></o:p></i></p> <div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYc7hAxzAPqAe1LY-ETTC7O-luhu-7VHr2T1Jx5Rsy9gyOamcCeO7XpohlNSYq3MuJrqLZ_NPbFCJ3O-FNyYFLLwYhAHhEHNJFHeoZ4TjVkgN4ytb2Hs21WPX5ebf3boGkJPMvv9ywKIA/s200/BoR7+zoo+VIII.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729019396545323266" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, serif; float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 190px; height: 200px; " /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><i></i>Family Colubridae is a diverse group of snakes. Within the family are many subfamilies, and the </p><div>subfamily Dipsadinae is represented by <i>Philodryas baroni</i> (Baron’s Racer).</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><b><u>Order Crocodilia<o:p></o:p></u></b></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje-68xzSyg2p-7kK7Ma4JLQ9aLTL4IxlzfV6jCmzGG6vTy1YoKpvEbqjQhXCv_pPBb1j5K7SzFuXv1pmAsd6lPvTgx9LijRyaDWdPZymjk7uxJEtJa_wTBbXL5JDv_sNJODSvza3Vk0Dc/s200/BoR7+zooXIV.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729019781291418434" style="float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 198px; height: 200px; " /></div><div><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; ">Order Crocodilia contains 3 major families, that break the Order intoncrocodiles, gharials and alligators. Only one family was present at the zoo, Gavialidae, which was represented by <i>Gavialus gangeticus </i>(Gharial).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></p></div></div></div>Matt Knestrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00448288739118602026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-90089532884945887722012-04-04T16:54:00.032-04:002012-04-04T18:54:29.963-04:00Laboratory 7: Reptiles of the World, Michele and Brad<span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><strong><span style=" font-weight: normal;color:black;" >For this lab, we went to the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and observed reptiles from across the world. It was interesting to see some of the diversity of reptiles from around the world and see some of the interesting</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> </span></strong><strong><span style=" font-weight: normal;color:black;" >adaptations different species have in different parts of the world. In this blog we have a list of the species we observed at the zoo and the pictures we took.</span></strong></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"> Testudines</span></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></strong><span class="binomial" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Family</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> <b>Carettochelyidae</b>: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><b><i>Carettochelys insculpta</i></b> <b>(</b></span></span><b style="font-family: arial;">Pig-nosed turtle)</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdNsA2oXi_-J9Vr91Ed5XK5KhRR9d7O4LbzSUwl5JI5-n3a-Leo_9ertr_9wVrlBmHHAJwOyvbSoAHgE4QHLOSexNiM4nNMA7cnfTFY9NS0V5IloIMb6tTGZIjeZGas-9Il5BNKz0-iMJ2/s1600/pig+snouted+turtle.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 174px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdNsA2oXi_-J9Vr91Ed5XK5KhRR9d7O4LbzSUwl5JI5-n3a-Leo_9ertr_9wVrlBmHHAJwOyvbSoAHgE4QHLOSexNiM4nNMA7cnfTFY9NS0V5IloIMb6tTGZIjeZGas-9Il5BNKz0-iMJ2/s400/pig+snouted+turtle.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669386907655842" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" face="arial" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><i>C. insculpta</i> are native to freshwater <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">streams, lagoons and rivers of Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. They are omnivorous and feed on a wide variety of things<span style="text-decoration: underline;">. </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdNsA2oXi_-J9Vr91Ed5XK5KhRR9d7O4LbzSUwl5JI5-n3a-Leo_9ertr_9wVrlBmHHAJwOyvbSoAHgE4QHLOSexNiM4nNMA7cnfTFY9NS0V5IloIMb6tTGZIjeZGas-9Il5BNKz0-iMJ2/s1600/pig+snouted+turtle.JPG"></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Family Chelidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Phrynops hilarii </i>(Spot Bellied/Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle)<br /></span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAlwAMJbMMVN-KhkUEStnQrW4PpNeUpTaTbL7GvGUfUXy0QHM31vFOuqVWyi1YNDJA0EmoSZtWbQkJ-zk2z3Ve80P1-nOn4cfwaUv09K5kIzaXi6JYTbjKjZR-LojWsf1nwrDmhN3WPQ7/s1600/IMG_1048.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAlwAMJbMMVN-KhkUEStnQrW4PpNeUpTaTbL7GvGUfUXy0QHM31vFOuqVWyi1YNDJA0EmoSZtWbQkJ-zk2z3Ve80P1-nOn4cfwaUv09K5kIzaXi6JYTbjKjZR-LojWsf1nwrDmhN3WPQ7/s400/IMG_1048.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727653673247456514" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial; text-align: center;font-family:arial;">These turtles are found in Brazil, Buenos Aires, Uruguay, and Argentina and are commonly found basking near deep, slow moving water.<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAlwAMJbMMVN-KhkUEStnQrW4PpNeUpTaTbL7GvGUfUXy0QHM31vFOuqVWyi1YNDJA0EmoSZtWbQkJ-zk2z3Ve80P1-nOn4cfwaUv09K5kIzaXi6JYTbjKjZR-LojWsf1nwrDmhN3WPQ7/s1600/IMG_1048.JPG"></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Family Chelidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Emydura subglobosa</i> (</span></strong><b>Red-bellied Side-necked Turtle)</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhald2DgAPHamt5Jh_MrHb_IMtpI7zRzBxo_CAapFhPAqqI1nviH-KuYHGkhAjdU0sXUtW5As1fE6YGCgfo67gSwwa7tiliL6z2EN8BL-7ZFt7n01OdMFi9JKQiAJM3i4tgBh-PEb1QFVRB/s1600/IMG_1059.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhald2DgAPHamt5Jh_MrHb_IMtpI7zRzBxo_CAapFhPAqqI1nviH-KuYHGkhAjdU0sXUtW5As1fE6YGCgfo67gSwwa7tiliL6z2EN8BL-7ZFt7n01OdMFi9JKQiAJM3i4tgBh-PEb1QFVRB/s400/IMG_1059.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727655169958871538" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Family Chelidae: </b><em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Chelodina mccordi</b></em><em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></b></em><span class="st"><b style="">McCord's/Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle)</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVD84huglLTIgA-nnFB0HrL2cFdqqNddcFa5NEXU68VLaGRLFJU7mkOjVyXyAeE64uMxIAfo_fPQuBVm8YC2knsFb2-hoxVrU9c1z6rr-BHDcLnNIyY3B9fdkc-04s8ui55VCk9wUF4Lf/s1600/Mccordsturtle.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 333px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVD84huglLTIgA-nnFB0HrL2cFdqqNddcFa5NEXU68VLaGRLFJU7mkOjVyXyAeE64uMxIAfo_fPQuBVm8YC2knsFb2-hoxVrU9c1z6rr-BHDcLnNIyY3B9fdkc-04s8ui55VCk9wUF4Lf/s400/Mccordsturtle.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669138978925618" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial; text-align: center;font-family:arial;">This turtle has been over-collected for the pet trade and is critically endangered. They are found in Roti Island and Indonesia in rice fields, swamps and lakes.<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVD84huglLTIgA-nnFB0HrL2cFdqqNddcFa5NEXU68VLaGRLFJU7mkOjVyXyAeE64uMxIAfo_fPQuBVm8YC2knsFb2-hoxVrU9c1z6rr-BHDcLnNIyY3B9fdkc-04s8ui55VCk9wUF4Lf/s1600/Mccordsturtle.JPG"></a><span class="st"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"></b></span><strong></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Family </span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><strong><span style="color:black;">Testudinidae: </span></strong><span class="binomial"><b><i>Pyxis arachnoids </i><span style="">(Spider Tortoise)</span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgzuAZv9g2WCAENyfXnP_UZArMxQk5HEKrryZ6Xg5T88dFMkP1AF2EVGipR1yaVdxzUPY7i9UWnesuTi5abgBrNGQ2blVLXngl9hERg6yeSwcHAFuzoUsB8_1-RIVwsGCSC9v4VbWgQVJ/s1600/spider+tortoise.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 291px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgzuAZv9g2WCAENyfXnP_UZArMxQk5HEKrryZ6Xg5T88dFMkP1AF2EVGipR1yaVdxzUPY7i9UWnesuTi5abgBrNGQ2blVLXngl9hERg6yeSwcHAFuzoUsB8_1-RIVwsGCSC9v4VbWgQVJ/s400/spider+tortoise.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670136581513426" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial; text-align: center;font-family:arial;">These turtles are critically endangered. Females only lay one egg per season so populations have a hard time growing once they have been so severely depleted.<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgzuAZv9g2WCAENyfXnP_UZArMxQk5HEKrryZ6Xg5T88dFMkP1AF2EVGipR1yaVdxzUPY7i9UWnesuTi5abgBrNGQ2blVLXngl9hERg6yeSwcHAFuzoUsB8_1-RIVwsGCSC9v4VbWgQVJ/s1600/spider+tortoise.JPG"></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="binomial"><b><i><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></i><span style="">Family Geoemydidae: <i>Cuora galbinifrons </i>(Indochinese Box Turtle)</span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhevAeiif2J0HHbsj_n92ESS5kKXMElhlYE_qLHqdsyb_tX1to7ts-1E75FB021LqA92lNfV9TuZWo0kqNUQogyYGGXHx1qwmt855Nr1-lV_IHtBI9O_nRvNICMVO5eoQkbS0lOUhv5z8R5/s1600/indochinese+turtle.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhevAeiif2J0HHbsj_n92ESS5kKXMElhlYE_qLHqdsyb_tX1to7ts-1E75FB021LqA92lNfV9TuZWo0kqNUQogyYGGXHx1qwmt855Nr1-lV_IHtBI9O_nRvNICMVO5eoQkbS0lOUhv5z8R5/s400/indochinese+turtle.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727668139683126722" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Family Geoemydidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Batagur borneoensis</i> (Painted River Terapin)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOu2C6FrlIStsy9ME9yichXh4fvmmekd7G0r6qZbndVEP9vnS-REJE-i8czV7GqfPSgfQFchfFQOV_oByDPVnFH9OQIrp4VJtt0RXNrQI1NR-K00ouvXsQZiY9cQDvvu5XZfYWMxU7Gqf/s1600/painted+river+terrapin.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 315px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOu2C6FrlIStsy9ME9yichXh4fvmmekd7G0r6qZbndVEP9vnS-REJE-i8czV7GqfPSgfQFchfFQOV_oByDPVnFH9OQIrp4VJtt0RXNrQI1NR-K00ouvXsQZiY9cQDvvu5XZfYWMxU7Gqf/s400/painted+river+terrapin.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669228123709762" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="binomial"><b><span style=""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Geoemydidae: <i>Geoclemys hamiltonii </i>(Spotted Pond Turtle)</span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu-5Rdiyfc1K5b7qPxsdyC9O-6b_tZpN7QS8-H8AczKM0ed6MDhjI-PccwNfnNA7bsIgv3p3TGEKRMx8RaOPsyhdD4VyKEDuq_fTJO9n3A5rDeExBz5qZ4Sn4ZOiX1ddazIyfYLvSvlsHx/s1600/white+spotted+turtle.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 345px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu-5Rdiyfc1K5b7qPxsdyC9O-6b_tZpN7QS8-H8AczKM0ed6MDhjI-PccwNfnNA7bsIgv3p3TGEKRMx8RaOPsyhdD4VyKEDuq_fTJO9n3A5rDeExBz5qZ4Sn4ZOiX1ddazIyfYLvSvlsHx/s400/white+spotted+turtle.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670554975454594" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="binomial"><b><span style=""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Geoemydidae: <i>Batagur affinis</i> (Southern River Terrapin)</span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0y0ANuD1W9qW2ePAbMk_wm8ozoP5npl0FzlJj_fqSEypl3eDRLlywrp5rHE5ktSxhe5NXzJsdKZ9b0NMchTAgZxOwjHTCMoPK0-YQveNh25loCnmsqIgpqXIQYyPFDf60nIIRcV8CaqyD/s1600/river+terrapin.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 399px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0y0ANuD1W9qW2ePAbMk_wm8ozoP5npl0FzlJj_fqSEypl3eDRLlywrp5rHE5ktSxhe5NXzJsdKZ9b0NMchTAgZxOwjHTCMoPK0-YQveNh25loCnmsqIgpqXIQYyPFDf60nIIRcV8CaqyD/s400/river+terrapin.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669717138177234" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="binomial"><b><span style=""> Family Podocnemididae:</span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Podocnemis unifilis</i></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" > (Yellow-spotted River Turtle)</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwvEvnwOO3jlN8UqzZgANWqFel-wrEkCQS9nhf5mYIATg9qRp9f2uyZJv5rbmhVOl6b1mCAgn0BROJJZVrnIi3hM1wQ_jqlSnMoT0tpT-WX8s49n3fJ5Vw6K8okQQH2eHo8MeDcEXiajMC/s1600/IMG_1054.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwvEvnwOO3jlN8UqzZgANWqFel-wrEkCQS9nhf5mYIATg9qRp9f2uyZJv5rbmhVOl6b1mCAgn0BROJJZVrnIi3hM1wQ_jqlSnMoT0tpT-WX8s49n3fJ5Vw6K8okQQH2eHo8MeDcEXiajMC/s400/IMG_1054.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727654908605840130" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="binomial"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span></b></span><strong><span style="color:black;">Crocodilia</span></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Gavialidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Gavialis gangeticus </i>(Gharial)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSmapIZMz0XyDLJOmmbwPZpIv2b8sS7E8lkXNlr0dbXoT-rx0_ZSAdX3EYGe0FB-E_1u-Afiz3mnCxLszvMwJoGPh8fGOtIJkZ61bIrH3wy4g1Whomoolg6_oUVJWuFSNlVBQRmBTOfJn/s1600/gharial.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 144px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSmapIZMz0XyDLJOmmbwPZpIv2b8sS7E8lkXNlr0dbXoT-rx0_ZSAdX3EYGe0FB-E_1u-Afiz3mnCxLszvMwJoGPh8fGOtIJkZ61bIrH3wy4g1Whomoolg6_oUVJWuFSNlVBQRmBTOfJn/s400/gharial.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667913868273186" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5IYoxRAcYuIanwn91PHA4CvGzytv-er0MvTQDPXXzh-ilLFp8cCmRlWPJAWOu5DOgjhoJ3wCNXvIJn5lQ7_k2mLsOXYAUZSKPPZvggRvVw-09UaXcPB-Rtb-cWI-D2bj9GkoVgKp9jv4I/s1600/skull+of+gharial.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 181px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5IYoxRAcYuIanwn91PHA4CvGzytv-er0MvTQDPXXzh-ilLFp8cCmRlWPJAWOu5DOgjhoJ3wCNXvIJn5lQ7_k2mLsOXYAUZSKPPZvggRvVw-09UaXcPB-Rtb-cWI-D2bj9GkoVgKp9jv4I/s400/skull+of+gharial.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669960509660514" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style=" font-weight: normal;color:black;" ><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">Family Crocodylidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Osteolaemus teraspis </i>(Dwarf Crocodile)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzQXP4hcDtzoGTOJn929PzvwCv9CLIMXFJIxC2AKPmKEsas4mbtYpIlzyMZfpm4_RKYbhNzlgWQh78OBeji2yzCgfN_R9Ea4N1oK50Jvm84YTACBIWW1aQlF45YSMXqzQa43cPUhvAzEL4/s1600/DwarfCroc.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 334px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzQXP4hcDtzoGTOJn929PzvwCv9CLIMXFJIxC2AKPmKEsas4mbtYpIlzyMZfpm4_RKYbhNzlgWQh78OBeji2yzCgfN_R9Ea4N1oK50Jvm84YTACBIWW1aQlF45YSMXqzQa43cPUhvAzEL4/s400/DwarfCroc.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667719180219106" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Squamata (Sauria/Lacertilia)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"> Family Chameleonidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Chamaeleo pardalis</i> (Panther Chameleon)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWld5BXNoopDUPTlOcqWmUOANSQlKmh9rnSFNuUdWSozhQ89CSUoTruG3x0__WepzCHp4RTCxdDORwgHG47XyPmxZyx8xYKfD7gUbXIP4USD_k_gGRdVlo45AG6TPoTz7dsiI-dg5zDPO2/s1600/pantherchameleon.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 310px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWld5BXNoopDUPTlOcqWmUOANSQlKmh9rnSFNuUdWSozhQ89CSUoTruG3x0__WepzCHp4RTCxdDORwgHG47XyPmxZyx8xYKfD7gUbXIP4USD_k_gGRdVlo45AG6TPoTz7dsiI-dg5zDPO2/s400/pantherchameleon.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669317354079954" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></strong><b style=""><span style="">Family Iguanidae: <i>Brachylophus faciatus</i> (Fiji Banded Iguana)</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8taPuMjQoOxb0u64MZ_82yMTRJVG6EJc9QDv6jjMJXIuTYqD3kAk9179KkXXyuzupuaJZfVsFdyZC0STTFy-17TAt5Yuw1PTIFYUO4iEtop4PXXGn634CW7UNwZh6PRqr11Ppxdh8Zmd/s1600/fiji+banded+iguana.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 195px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8taPuMjQoOxb0u64MZ_82yMTRJVG6EJc9QDv6jjMJXIuTYqD3kAk9179KkXXyuzupuaJZfVsFdyZC0STTFy-17TAt5Yuw1PTIFYUO4iEtop4PXXGn634CW7UNwZh6PRqr11Ppxdh8Zmd/s400/fiji+banded+iguana.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667824333651410" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"> Family Gekkonidae: </span></strong><b style=""><i>Uroplatus henkeli</i><span style=""> (Madagascar Leaf Tail Gecko)</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgedNl1XDQfgAekzhWmxJl_L0_ZEQxL82DqrPQMU9oXraJWdt6L8c91GXlKC9qu7N6DKgBcwTYU0ShislGhFsRvj-fJLCgTuLlcSTSHqIDfRmV6PPgg7vKwi8k19ogLRrfCMnF8W3LiMhL7/s1600/leaftailgecko.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 162px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgedNl1XDQfgAekzhWmxJl_L0_ZEQxL82DqrPQMU9oXraJWdt6L8c91GXlKC9qu7N6DKgBcwTYU0ShislGhFsRvj-fJLCgTuLlcSTSHqIDfRmV6PPgg7vKwi8k19ogLRrfCMnF8W3LiMhL7/s400/leaftailgecko.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727668268227104738" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWV2lkJmlIOJ9BMdS-T2xqJqRzmJxAdaUmXaBKcISLp3e-bVADBX6e2xIFcC4H3WoMkjDgy73oWy9pBvu41QfL2yMjFHzjw8F2DIV5UCp0GvCTKRPgC-ZuNblcgs3qm9KwF66crCj9rJo/s1600/lamella+on+feet+of+gecko.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 384px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWV2lkJmlIOJ9BMdS-T2xqJqRzmJxAdaUmXaBKcISLp3e-bVADBX6e2xIFcC4H3WoMkjDgy73oWy9pBvu41QfL2yMjFHzjw8F2DIV5UCp0GvCTKRPgC-ZuNblcgs3qm9KwF66crCj9rJo/s400/lamella+on+feet+of+gecko.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727668197469811634" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><strong><span style="color:black;">Family Scincidae: <span style="font-style: italic;">Corucia zebrata</span> (Prehensile-tailed Skink)</span></strong></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWDCjaOG0NfQBVdj4ahKSachfmkqPsW6wZJJJL8LzZkvpLXqL4Li1tLmNe1UYoBNVeQdCNwASCvJeo6DjSNITjZSOovRbUalx90OXrkUhH0Dil35HTBbB1XzTWmzZbYHdfV-RxKV0zEwA/s1600/prehensile+tailed+skink.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 299px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWDCjaOG0NfQBVdj4ahKSachfmkqPsW6wZJJJL8LzZkvpLXqL4Li1tLmNe1UYoBNVeQdCNwASCvJeo6DjSNITjZSOovRbUalx90OXrkUhH0Dil35HTBbB1XzTWmzZbYHdfV-RxKV0zEwA/s400/prehensile+tailed+skink.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669503130648034" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><strong><span style="color:black;"> Family Varanidae: <i style="font-weight: bold;">Varanus prasinus</i><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (Green Tree Monitor)</span></span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg558uccE8OsGVMZgaXN4BO_R5rqHrOgjo-dD77-mcGKfxwo7lX3ScK6-D9Zca6JhgCCgTd33lO79HfD1aKEWbAv1mw3xjHKgrJ31cagbnf57IOf9-gNpZ4Wt71KLVgfgqk61vXJe6NyF1u/s1600/varanus.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 217px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg558uccE8OsGVMZgaXN4BO_R5rqHrOgjo-dD77-mcGKfxwo7lX3ScK6-D9Zca6JhgCCgTd33lO79HfD1aKEWbAv1mw3xjHKgrJ31cagbnf57IOf9-gNpZ4Wt71KLVgfgqk61vXJe6NyF1u/s400/varanus.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670479545574546" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;">Squamata (Serpentes/Ophidia)</span></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Boidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Corallus caninus</i> (Emerald Tree Boa)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTSelGOEVSjL6kZITSec1BeUD8yKwkWMl8whDM_CAm5Jb8HkkDYwDB6SIHz_PKYW8SyahHQ8PW5ovc8vjEEv-uBrXXH-jvEyMIC3uA5vGeiV8gipIy1hhAJW9sj0y4hszKbHKU_Z4sdFMZ/s1600/Green+tree+boa.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 374px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTSelGOEVSjL6kZITSec1BeUD8yKwkWMl8whDM_CAm5Jb8HkkDYwDB6SIHz_PKYW8SyahHQ8PW5ovc8vjEEv-uBrXXH-jvEyMIC3uA5vGeiV8gipIy1hhAJW9sj0y4hszKbHKU_Z4sdFMZ/s400/Green+tree+boa.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667989391948354" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Boidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Corallus hortulanus</i> (Amazon Tree Boa)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ap_nxQ1YSc_MBxLD0zCurW_cO9MhSQY9NzjFM0wpPrwTodOfREcDT6BunfBLovfr9ZdkvyFYZo1l0bICVhchbKd35rlCUuzGIlP1W3ath7Z_80PjsuiyntkNt8HA7xjgADEC6w09N3qY/s1600/Amazontreeboa.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 235px; height: 161px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ap_nxQ1YSc_MBxLD0zCurW_cO9MhSQY9NzjFM0wpPrwTodOfREcDT6BunfBLovfr9ZdkvyFYZo1l0bICVhchbKd35rlCUuzGIlP1W3ath7Z_80PjsuiyntkNt8HA7xjgADEC6w09N3qY/s400/Amazontreeboa.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667420674710274" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Boidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Boa constrictor</i> (Boa Constrictor)<br /></span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3clgOHCCwZw6QvZPCSn2VFuI3GukkAzgYw8TIUySM43qQ87LtGPv3FD0mHMQoKI67Gyr9xIIGeZhuAo71TbBaB28TK9D87Pi6yz4l6ZxxsQQPZITSQFp9OPODbZK51bqRQjdh1sj9SuQ/s1600/boa+constrictor.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 394px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3clgOHCCwZw6QvZPCSn2VFuI3GukkAzgYw8TIUySM43qQ87LtGPv3FD0mHMQoKI67Gyr9xIIGeZhuAo71TbBaB28TK9D87Pi6yz4l6ZxxsQQPZITSQFp9OPODbZK51bqRQjdh1sj9SuQ/s400/boa+constrictor.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667639552636674" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Colubridae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Spilotes pullatus</i> (Tiger Ratsnake)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDyRJiCU9y-Z18k7AEu3vf5aQ_BG7idOH__fMbbB1FkeRFrtCuV05Bbrycwa66HVGWoG-lutBu4SMn4ecLb1iyKpuvD2uw3imb1vqJF-Z9oohtOh752-502P-FUaj8PYdpJcxxAnedX4y2/s1600/Tiger+ratsnake.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 305px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDyRJiCU9y-Z18k7AEu3vf5aQ_BG7idOH__fMbbB1FkeRFrtCuV05Bbrycwa66HVGWoG-lutBu4SMn4ecLb1iyKpuvD2uw3imb1vqJF-Z9oohtOh752-502P-FUaj8PYdpJcxxAnedX4y2/s400/Tiger+ratsnake.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670388718546146" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Colubridae: </span></strong><span class="st"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Philodryas baroni</i></b><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;" > </span></span><strong><span style="color:black;">(Baron’s Racer)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqA1tBIP6F4YQim1dA7vOy7sOgB45K0LXwxnK4y6egE9Th_uNHV_Paok3STKTVNkz1wRy8oRQtNyCOc0EJWVOQXcdaBrw8BLjI19vC4mbNmpoywFVvQQcj0Oq3nTwRAEQjaLqnqin4KKb/s1600/barons+racer.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 342px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqA1tBIP6F4YQim1dA7vOy7sOgB45K0LXwxnK4y6egE9Th_uNHV_Paok3STKTVNkz1wRy8oRQtNyCOc0EJWVOQXcdaBrw8BLjI19vC4mbNmpoywFVvQQcj0Oq3nTwRAEQjaLqnqin4KKb/s400/barons+racer.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727667477480008578" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Pythonidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Python reticulatus</i> (Reticulated Python)<br /></span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQWidyeUIbpYezCznsgML5y3WJJDGrl4sWoTjMMTH4SiW0fQ4Jfls6WFfQBj6aROxab7yqdnCeL3gqJcvzH6juvfEyiiXVGDqYArbd0Iymmn4S367-N57GWAlUtNEB8t81l5fdJp-zsNTS/s1600/reticulated+python.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 365px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQWidyeUIbpYezCznsgML5y3WJJDGrl4sWoTjMMTH4SiW0fQ4Jfls6WFfQBj6aROxab7yqdnCeL3gqJcvzH6juvfEyiiXVGDqYArbd0Iymmn4S367-N57GWAlUtNEB8t81l5fdJp-zsNTS/s400/reticulated+python.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727669601087890962" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Family Pythonidae: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Chondropython viridis</i> (Green Tree Python)</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3VqwmKPwUi3kPNWCVkrc7Q1gwflY0KaSMwmHa5irCZRG-yB2Da40e9FCZ2DARfBmR-vT9HgUZfpAKkBh4qfomnrbKZtFxhWNITS9K0cjH1m395eXN_iluUHjn_jgvIjUD7Od0_st8fiEF/s1600/green+tree+python.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 386px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3VqwmKPwUi3kPNWCVkrc7Q1gwflY0KaSMwmHa5irCZRG-yB2Da40e9FCZ2DARfBmR-vT9HgUZfpAKkBh4qfomnrbKZtFxhWNITS9K0cjH1m395eXN_iluUHjn_jgvIjUD7Od0_st8fiEF/s400/green+tree+python.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727668076823027618" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></strong></span></p>MicheleJulianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15486145050000404422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-4303128852322841172012-04-04T14:34:00.001-04:002012-04-04T14:37:33.448-04:00Lab 7: A Trip to the Cleveland Zoo! (Kelly and Maggie)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b>Order: Testudines</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>Family: Carettochelyidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Carettochelys insculpta </i>(Fly River Pignosed Turtle) Distribution: Australia and New Guinea</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Almost entirely aquatic; omnivorous; swimming pattern is between the styles of Trionychidae and Cheloniidae; nose looks like pig snout; leathery carapace and plastron.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> </b><b>Family: Chelidae</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR2eVBT6CcDpmO-4JwS1Wb2Z89HvLbAPS-aWBC_AnJy8WFFV91so0AwwRvzfSh6D8hn_P2IlLLtAz2YKl0YGaQ168UC9lntPcVZmAxl4igdF3yQ75jYE4qJT9rRoSKxm-hK5z3x7LHKVoA/s1600/IMG_0915.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR2eVBT6CcDpmO-4JwS1Wb2Z89HvLbAPS-aWBC_AnJy8WFFV91so0AwwRvzfSh6D8hn_P2IlLLtAz2YKl0YGaQ168UC9lntPcVZmAxl4igdF3yQ75jYE4qJT9rRoSKxm-hK5z3x7LHKVoA/s200/IMG_0915.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Chelodina mccordi</b></i></td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chelodina mccordi</i> (McCord’s Snake-necked Turtle)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Distribution: Roti Island, Indonesia</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Critically endangered; carapace is pale grey-brown; round tubercles on neck.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispL_5axaMbyPzIrb1jDjX4D6iiv5U_SyCE4a_RAob2GhGdUn96B1nazMo8z3QaWNk-rC19AvHf-okKzKNGI3aMLUWM9mXEC_2Lyu8abwjTPEgSLE1a9nh89hg_TpqkqmlRgGGmbCvaeA3/s1600/IMG_0919.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispL_5axaMbyPzIrb1jDjX4D6iiv5U_SyCE4a_RAob2GhGdUn96B1nazMo8z3QaWNk-rC19AvHf-okKzKNGI3aMLUWM9mXEC_2Lyu8abwjTPEgSLE1a9nh89hg_TpqkqmlRgGGmbCvaeA3/s200/IMG_0919.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Emydura subglobosa</b></i></td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Emydura subglobosa</i> (Red-bellied Side-necked Turtle)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: Northern Australia and New Guinea</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Females larger than males; rarely leaves water; endangered species; carnivourous.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfLh8P3SIg00cYN7wutgEUiiw1vEJEQCq_LTqsw1ZiRsiFfFAPSkjGWhjoRU4SamH3dmCTJfvDPyg9uUJ97B8anugsSNS8e_gz2Hb6EwP8TcBQqBmbD8VISLr7s967qYVbFgaYoEZpPgs/s1600/IMG_0901.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfLh8P3SIg00cYN7wutgEUiiw1vEJEQCq_LTqsw1ZiRsiFfFAPSkjGWhjoRU4SamH3dmCTJfvDPyg9uUJ97B8anugsSNS8e_gz2Hb6EwP8TcBQqBmbD8VISLr7s967qYVbFgaYoEZpPgs/s200/IMG_0901.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Phrynops hilarii</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phrynops hilarii</i> (Spot-bellied Side-neck Turtle)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Distribution: Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Carnivorous; bask for extended amounts of time; black spots on ventral side.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>Family: Geomydidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Geoclemys hamiltonii </i>(Spotted Pond Turtle) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Distribution: Southern Pakistan; northeastern India, Bangladesh</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Live in streams, bogs, and ponds; very elevated carapace; black with many yellow spots; large plastron.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ7qulmIWkqwmyxOREhqwGD0tfjZMaVIk5ATVPqjLKsw4l4MV1qJJIjxC2-44vQv65e8g3uBlc-zVo2y7L1B_HYDL9MaRvQ136VL29jiDT-B830CvWnmhyphenhyphenutQtRBQQxLCuhhukGtL6fBNr/s1600/IMG_0991.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ7qulmIWkqwmyxOREhqwGD0tfjZMaVIk5ATVPqjLKsw4l4MV1qJJIjxC2-44vQv65e8g3uBlc-zVo2y7L1B_HYDL9MaRvQ136VL29jiDT-B830CvWnmhyphenhyphenutQtRBQQxLCuhhukGtL6fBNr/s200/IMG_0991.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Batagur affinis</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batagur affinis</i> (Southern River Terrapin)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: Sumatra, Thailand, Burma</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Herbivorous; oviparous; endangered species; upturned snout; males are smaller than females. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batagur borneoensis</i> (Painted River Terrapin)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Distribution: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: One of the most endangered turtle species; one of the biggest geoemydids; live in tidal, brackish areas.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>Family: Podocnemididae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Podocnemis unifilis</i> (Yellow-spotted Amazon River Turtle) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Distribution: Amazon and Orinco rovers of northern South America</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Hatchings have visible yellow spots on head; females grow twice the size of males; omnivores. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>Family: Testudinidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chelonoidis carbonaria</i> (Red-footed Tortoise)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: Northern South America </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Omnivore; red or orange scales on limbs; males have longer and wider tails than females. </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqAT77gypQQ0FJ9osjC3cS1woQfMaGYP0MurEW7eYh949Felx-2dbagX8-uH7XQR3NsniMCDLJlyQa3rm-ty4oNgPZ8oW6TYJqaWTVgY2Jbr-8mdcVrVHijLUl7jldLQMyMr7IVdiU0xSv/s1600/IMG_0950.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqAT77gypQQ0FJ9osjC3cS1woQfMaGYP0MurEW7eYh949Felx-2dbagX8-uH7XQR3NsniMCDLJlyQa3rm-ty4oNgPZ8oW6TYJqaWTVgY2Jbr-8mdcVrVHijLUl7jldLQMyMr7IVdiU0xSv/s200/IMG_0950.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Pyxis arachnoides</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pyxis arachnoides</i> (Spider Tortoise) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> Distribution: Madagascar </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Critically endangered; Females lay only 1 egg per season; average reproductive age is around 20 years.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSzmWoovKxTGwnKMLsU5_1tIBiKScVWIZVy3DrmAOQbTt-s_8Z80yV2nDcnyvcnnFmiSA3gp_i9vlSQPomqqlDWbRQOv_O1gu_boE8DY6sItqjkW63HptN2AWuJ0o8gCvq9vNWIuYoUqis/s1600/DSCN2026.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSzmWoovKxTGwnKMLsU5_1tIBiKScVWIZVy3DrmAOQbTt-s_8Z80yV2nDcnyvcnnFmiSA3gp_i9vlSQPomqqlDWbRQOv_O1gu_boE8DY6sItqjkW63HptN2AWuJ0o8gCvq9vNWIuYoUqis/s200/DSCN2026.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Chamaeleo pardalis</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><b>Order Squamata: (Sauria/Lacertilia)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> Family: Chamaeleonidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chamaeleo pardalis</i> (Panther Chameleon)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Madagascar</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Change colors; eyes move independently of each other; sexual dimorphism (females drabber); color varies with location; xygodactylous. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEiGvs0-KkwhEWYaQhww8vfXewWI8IviUPttGTVZ7Yygl6lGyXnshyFOKfDoCFYikT921EPemogvgyem1EcfikmgZ6mHspalpJQXHVPcKKFDw2zd61jzpaxt_SgsA5kwfpMEEsgXxn_8Bv/s1600/IMG_0953.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEiGvs0-KkwhEWYaQhww8vfXewWI8IviUPttGTVZ7Yygl6lGyXnshyFOKfDoCFYikT921EPemogvgyem1EcfikmgZ6mHspalpJQXHVPcKKFDw2zd61jzpaxt_SgsA5kwfpMEEsgXxn_8Bv/s200/IMG_0953.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Uroplatus henkeli</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>Family: Gekkonidae</b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uroplatus henkeli </i>(Madagascar Leaf Tail Gecko)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Distribution: Madagascar</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Biology: Arboreal; mainly insectivores; one of the largest species in the genus. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxz-17TxrG_bOMCxcnV7DxihjRKOKYFRpi7GK8F160R9FQAqpovBp4kWAYwalpIyhXGtLrVrohADDE3IkCPDWFgr89mNtwUXjDWcKOFDPWLxAwKnhoxXdD4XReD1QZdVFJvprnWMEZ_cj7/s1600/IMG_0974.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxz-17TxrG_bOMCxcnV7DxihjRKOKYFRpi7GK8F160R9FQAqpovBp4kWAYwalpIyhXGtLrVrohADDE3IkCPDWFgr89mNtwUXjDWcKOFDPWLxAwKnhoxXdD4XReD1QZdVFJvprnWMEZ_cj7/s200/IMG_0974.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Brachylophus fasciatus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Family: Iguanidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brachylophus fasciatus</i> (Fiji Island Banded Iguana)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Fiji islands</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Arboreal; declining of species due to habitat destruction; sexually dimorphic; herbivorous; oviparous. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> </b><b>Family: Scincidae </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corucia zebrata</i> (Prehensile-tailed Skink)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: The Solomon Islands</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX06EP8iUeTqeAEmHG9cfkJI-77fsUP1xYBwnTMd_x689bjvwmJS4WwSMEuR7BoAsLsRa55iPJtcwflIkkdRgEmTOGFWQQYAvv-cDtZhNiI3BXeLX0fH58wULZP2xr4n7NBk7o-UKbbG87/s1600/IMG_0976.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX06EP8iUeTqeAEmHG9cfkJI-77fsUP1xYBwnTMd_x689bjvwmJS4WwSMEuR7BoAsLsRa55iPJtcwflIkkdRgEmTOGFWQQYAvv-cDtZhNiI3BXeLX0fH58wULZP2xr4n7NBk7o-UKbbG87/s200/IMG_0976.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Varanus prasinus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Largest species of extant skink; arboreal; diurnal; viviparous; herbivorous; males and females are territorial. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> </b><b>Family: Varanidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varanus prasinus</i> (Green Tree Monitor) </div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Papua New Guinea</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Long claws; unusually long teeth; carnivorous; arboreal; green to turquoise is color.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpjvcdC1Kc8H313FTjE1Z_SzCKJOUYAAJG2fJqWoPqnIq-r0f8d6H8bQgjOIxXLJbtnIxSFGucw9WO_hNFoNlp3muP46TzjiUdopIJAOHdbmN7Z_Z07Jg54Gv7ZQGMXtQDHrvlaRdeOFXx/s1600/IMG_0958.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpjvcdC1Kc8H313FTjE1Z_SzCKJOUYAAJG2fJqWoPqnIq-r0f8d6H8bQgjOIxXLJbtnIxSFGucw9WO_hNFoNlp3muP46TzjiUdopIJAOHdbmN7Z_Z07Jg54Gv7ZQGMXtQDHrvlaRdeOFXx/s200/IMG_0958.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Boa constrictor</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Order Squamata: (Serpentes/Ophidia) </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> Family: Boidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boa constrictor</i> </div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Central America, Mexico,South America</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Females are larger than males; non-venomous; constricts prey; coloration differs with location; have pelvic spurs; carnivorous.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdLowoiaj6eXP1oAcYmLPruef4DS3ajv8YM2rTRwUkIiGUrWCYLE5pQG2lLTL-0f4HH45ixpFWeIBhXkq2l1dZlHeoX7oLWXxWLzGAv-P-WrtFbZHmZLhZJFm1kR1NDpYkvisdl9tDtJKd/s1600/IMG_0932.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdLowoiaj6eXP1oAcYmLPruef4DS3ajv8YM2rTRwUkIiGUrWCYLE5pQG2lLTL-0f4HH45ixpFWeIBhXkq2l1dZlHeoX7oLWXxWLzGAv-P-WrtFbZHmZLhZJFm1kR1NDpYkvisdl9tDtJKd/s200/IMG_0932.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Corallus caninus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corallus caninus </i>(Emerald Tree Boa)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Distribution: South America</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Arboreal; non-venomous; juvenile colors range from orange to brick-red; nocturnal; carnivorous. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corallus hortulanus</i> (Amazon Tree Boa)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: South America </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Wide range of colors; aggressive; males have spurs; give birth in trees; nocturnal. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> </b><b>Family: Colubridae </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elaphe taeniura </i>(Vietnamese Blue Beauty Snake)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: China, northwest India, Indonesian islands, Japanese islands, Thailand</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Large and slender; both diurnal and nocturnal; oviparous; color and pattern vary with location.</div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgena9Zk3YurcQtAF_Ge7of4mojZqjwphAn5rj7KK5fyDS7g96XghFgeDXnxwM63uhQR3IyyH-uqbU93Wo-EdCuEPSqxFRH9-v8HMXWfqo_5snTjDeZm6RMzHfJr7qxTXZoDyan2rAct2wG/s1600/IMG_0965.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgena9Zk3YurcQtAF_Ge7of4mojZqjwphAn5rj7KK5fyDS7g96XghFgeDXnxwM63uhQR3IyyH-uqbU93Wo-EdCuEPSqxFRH9-v8HMXWfqo_5snTjDeZm6RMzHfJr7qxTXZoDyan2rAct2wG/s200/IMG_0965.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Philodryas baroni</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philodryas baroni</i> (Baron’s Racer)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Arboreal; opisthoglyphous; venomous; color varies from green to brown.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiODzw5zc-QYzBcU-2-ITB4yVzNoHyL9nJkSldVIzhWk-TNfSC88TEA9DUcOj9RWaO_WRFCAGFe1v6AGhUoG0uT5luJORNVehAe4uB88UC9NkZbzJ14NYC-RbvnHDeIbFox5om4TGx-prRs/s1600/IMG_0962.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiODzw5zc-QYzBcU-2-ITB4yVzNoHyL9nJkSldVIzhWk-TNfSC88TEA9DUcOj9RWaO_WRFCAGFe1v6AGhUoG0uT5luJORNVehAe4uB88UC9NkZbzJ14NYC-RbvnHDeIbFox5om4TGx-prRs/s200/IMG_0962.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Spilotes pullatus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">Species:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Spilotes pullatus</i> (Tiger Ratsnake)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Southern Central America and northern South America</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Tiger-like markings of yellow and black; arboreal; non-venomous; carnivorous; large snake. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b> </b><b>Family: Pythonidae</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQun_5ltFlcMEC60E6i32kvCickYgfvrSTyzlqILbuNlKxVCxFU-roZMVRA-EjQPVtwVRBiEnMZGViMKVYZJ4YssldpDffbwO2cS7VwuG8laiTgy0XG3KO32RGfTfjfgZguNpndM0QwPpr/s1600/IMG_0982.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQun_5ltFlcMEC60E6i32kvCickYgfvrSTyzlqILbuNlKxVCxFU-roZMVRA-EjQPVtwVRBiEnMZGViMKVYZJ4YssldpDffbwO2cS7VwuG8laiTgy0XG3KO32RGfTfjfgZguNpndM0QwPpr/s200/IMG_0982.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Morelia viridis</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morelia viridis</i> (Green Tree Python)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Non-venomous; arboreal; constricts prey; adults are yellow to green in color; color varies with locality; oviparous. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NhRI4Og0ZiuiNsULlUrwWm6TTv5koY5OgkUaIifd_3E2w4oz4XghK0HYBuxZNW_2aT8rdA9OqmckpsjMgM5aQXghS5HipdqUOSQlcRUaBGUzymYV-Q7MJtb0jZJPdIc4ruG88wWFqzUM/s1600/IMG_0986.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NhRI4Og0ZiuiNsULlUrwWm6TTv5koY5OgkUaIifd_3E2w4oz4XghK0HYBuxZNW_2aT8rdA9OqmckpsjMgM5aQXghS5HipdqUOSQlcRUaBGUzymYV-Q7MJtb0jZJPdIc4ruG88wWFqzUM/s200/IMG_0986.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Pyhton reticulatus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Python reticulatus</i> (Reticulated Python)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Distribution: Southeast Asia; India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: One of the worlds longest snakes; constricts prey; non-venomous; good swimmer; oviparous.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Order Crocodilia: </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfmbCbvN6wFTN5XbQCQQFVA_xaDER60FGlB4MDtxc1kdf8crGdopnN9q2YvabQb4Ru60XbypHjUl8y1881O8QHhjqGClSIbOk98-z4bO9k7y5qgVVkbWFbPJodYd8AF_D8bdmPiCu6y8z/s1600/IMG_0942.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfmbCbvN6wFTN5XbQCQQFVA_xaDER60FGlB4MDtxc1kdf8crGdopnN9q2YvabQb4Ru60XbypHjUl8y1881O8QHhjqGClSIbOk98-z4bO9k7y5qgVVkbWFbPJodYd8AF_D8bdmPiCu6y8z/s200/IMG_0942.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Osteolaemus tetraspis</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><b> Family: Crocodylidae </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Osteolaemus tetraspis</i> (Dwarf Crocodile)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: West Central Africa; and sub-Saharan West Africa</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Only reach about 1.5 meters; blunt, short snout; heavily armored neck; ventral osteoderms.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERcSxpFod3ZMl7k20gYGCI7l2G0fnflpyy3eMNt7jRcU4t3OyLA98vpttmwsglPHWOFh02Rec1ATGEUrHVZaO4DfZtD15dxsNDX2BMTFYmiA38tdwAygVnUyISN2CzaJvrd42IOW96-Z3/s1600/IMG_1006.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERcSxpFod3ZMl7k20gYGCI7l2G0fnflpyy3eMNt7jRcU4t3OyLA98vpttmwsglPHWOFh02Rec1ATGEUrHVZaO4DfZtD15dxsNDX2BMTFYmiA38tdwAygVnUyISN2CzaJvrd42IOW96-Z3/s200/IMG_1006.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Gavialus gangeticus</b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Family: Gavialidae</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gavialis gangeticus</i> (Gharial)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Distribution: India </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">Biology: Critically endangered; males have a boss; laterally flattened tail; most aquatic extant crocodilian. </div>Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10255911716153441524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-58403917097540375122012-04-04T13:13:00.017-04:002012-04-04T18:22:00.956-04:00Lab 7: Reptiles of the World (Paluh and Harrington)<style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" > <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" >Lab 7 Reptiles of the World<br /><br /></span> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" ><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >In this lab, we went to the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo to examine global reptile diversity. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bold</span> signifies Order and <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">blue</span> signifies Family due to indenting issues.<br /></span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" ><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Order Testudines:</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" ><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Carretochelyidae:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Carettochelys insculpta </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Fly River Pignosed Turtle; northern Australia and New Guinea): These turtles lack scales or epidermal scutes, and superficially resemble members of Trionychidae.<span style=""> </span>They are almost completely aquatic, and have flipper-like limbs that they use to swim using a motion intermediate between the rowing motion of trionychids and flying motion of cheloniids and <i style="">Dermochelys.</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN3BhUjx1HAzK-Va_O4n02siJ9jm17FEfkxAW8sU4yEXwzS4C-m3BVw3rtut8ELzxsvOCyNJpxNxzVS3pCIqgA87n2i32Xa9nHmTJvo0zk33nCJS_hK6uxTBUMAZzixB1_v0Tj080j4xW/s1600/100_0231.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN3BhUjx1HAzK-Va_O4n02siJ9jm17FEfkxAW8sU4yEXwzS4C-m3BVw3rtut8ELzxsvOCyNJpxNxzVS3pCIqgA87n2i32Xa9nHmTJvo0zk33nCJS_hK6uxTBUMAZzixB1_v0Tj080j4xW/s320/100_0231.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727671872587838770" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Family Chelidae:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="">Chelodina mccordi</span></i></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> (Rotti Island Snake-necked Turtle, Rotti Island, Indonesia): This critically endangered species is found in swamps, rice fields, and lakes. This pleurodiran turtle has been over collected for the pet trade.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqtMRjoxYSKsJlxMCnHMyJyFv6mo-8wq7cfFj-JU2hadw3q1r__LcWM4R5ouLmk4mULLzaIInP6x4M9k8iZK_Ot9EJbi0eTgQz0ajlkTNLH-HD-VfMFkrXbqilAYSjW4JregrD8wCdmwy/s1600/100_2293.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqtMRjoxYSKsJlxMCnHMyJyFv6mo-8wq7cfFj-JU2hadw3q1r__LcWM4R5ouLmk4mULLzaIInP6x4M9k8iZK_Ot9EJbi0eTgQz0ajlkTNLH-HD-VfMFkrXbqilAYSjW4JregrD8wCdmwy/s320/100_2293.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670812044524210" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="">Emydura subglobosa </span></i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">(Red-bellided Short-neck Turtle, Northern Australia and New Guinea): This pleurodiran turtle is a common carnivore species that lives in freshwater environments, rarely leaving the water except for basking and laying eggs. It has yellow markings on its temporal region of the head.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVeW9oIP0EHArsJyfqoN0j6lOnvqRQ3bUfRzxCMoLo2beVxcyp_hc0sVFY8N_LLIfY08cGJOdGOXWreu1rwU3WXLTLvMBF0hCdAaPmDmEcSIew4xtiT-1U3nKErkvaBb5LKBc2HLrRKxPd/s1600/282623_10150230873948038_652183037_7363261_2882036_n.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVeW9oIP0EHArsJyfqoN0j6lOnvqRQ3bUfRzxCMoLo2beVxcyp_hc0sVFY8N_LLIfY08cGJOdGOXWreu1rwU3WXLTLvMBF0hCdAaPmDmEcSIew4xtiT-1U3nKErkvaBb5LKBc2HLrRKxPd/s320/282623_10150230873948038_652183037_7363261_2882036_n.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727672933478700626" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 1in; line-height: normal; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="">Phrynops hilarii </span></i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">(</span><span style="font-size:100%;">Spot-bellied Side-neck Turtle; Brazil, Bu</span><span style="font-size:100%;">enos Aires through Uruguay and Argentina): This pleurodiran turtle species has black spots on its plastron and are often seen basking for long periods. When threatened, these turtles dive into the water and hide in mud.</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" ><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3iuHu1B51RU8n2bn0JRDiQQ4cdzY_uDW0XOIZz8lT8usv02q8yDEZSrf3SdZijuR3mb8AUUgAxy8MjGjld4l2w0Zte74wB-E05o8bsRIqxKUuOb458k46El-zJXHEzHy6jJSFZkJrlXy/s1600/100_2278.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3iuHu1B51RU8n2bn0JRDiQQ4cdzY_uDW0XOIZz8lT8usv02q8yDEZSrf3SdZijuR3mb8AUUgAxy8MjGjld4l2w0Zte74wB-E05o8bsRIqxKUuOb458k46El-zJXHEzHy6jJSFZkJrlXy/s320/100_2278.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727671024253722322" border="0" /></a></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal" > <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Family Geoemydidae:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Batagur affinis </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Southern River Terrapin, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Malaysia, Indonesia and Cambodia): These large turtles can have a carapace length of up to two fee</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >t. Their diet consists of mostly vegetation. Their numbers are decreasing in the wild due to local people using their large eggs as a food source.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Batagur borneoensis </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Painted River Terrapin; Southeast Asia): These turtles are critically endangered.<span style=""> </span>They are mainly aquatic, leaving water to bask and nest in sandy areas.<span style=""> </span>Juveniles inhabit freshwater and adults inhabit estuarine areas.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Un62P_IbAuMWazLwDEtDudwbANEMX_4ozNicu1X2odmhod6aVYHwHt_pJAgzsTZt6AnyHeovMEOuV-xfekJWLWeT7aIOsESYa5VKjP7kco3FFzsF7Gcisx4hu1jBCm2Y7eJN8_EOrqcO/s1600/100_2346.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Un62P_IbAuMWazLwDEtDudwbANEMX_4ozNicu1X2odmhod6aVYHwHt_pJAgzsTZt6AnyHeovMEOuV-xfekJWLWeT7aIOsESYa5VKjP7kco3FFzsF7Gcisx4hu1jBCm2Y7eJN8_EOrqcO/s320/100_2346.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670135710882066" border="0" /></a></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cuora galbinifrons </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Indochinese Box Turtle, China, Laos, Vietnam): This critically endangered species is threatened by habit loss and collection for oriental medicines. They can completely seal their shell shut due to hinges on the plastron.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8k2VBWM9GJ2cXtWxdB_bTVh2fQUVGc5NzVV7H_kByYK0LMM_zCzxanQWtNGxoqgrqttc1W21HwfuvPQUi2IkrEBM0rsK1kGxvbVnLW4UF6vm3mwFZNSyoHSNTsFtwFjC4FY1wSYsSFtA/s1600/100_2338.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 186px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8k2VBWM9GJ2cXtWxdB_bTVh2fQUVGc5NzVV7H_kByYK0LMM_zCzxanQWtNGxoqgrqttc1W21HwfuvPQUi2IkrEBM0rsK1kGxvbVnLW4UF6vm3mwFZNSyoHSNTsFtwFjC4FY1wSYsSFtA/s320/100_2338.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727670512961655170" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Geoclemys hamiltonii </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Spotted Pond Turtle, Southern Pakistan, North-eastern India, Bangladesh): This species is black with cream colored spots. It can be found basking in the sun in streams, bogs, and ponds. It is threatened due to habitat loss and overcollection of food</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.family { }div.Section1 { page: Section1; </style> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.family { }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span class="family" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Podocnemididae</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span class="family" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><i style="">Podocnemis unifilis </i>(Yellow-spotted Amazon River Turtle, Amazon basin): This species of pleurodiran turtle can be identified by having yellow spots on its head and a black or brown carapace with low keels on the second and third scutes. This species is considered vulnerable. </span></span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal" face="arial"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Times"; }@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }h1 { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.Heading1Char { font-family: Times; font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal" face="arial"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Times"; }@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }h1 { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.Heading1Char { font-family: Times; font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Family Testudinidae:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Chelonoidis carbonaria</span> (Red-footed Tortoise, Northern South America): These tortoises have red and yellow facial markings, as well as red scales on their limbs. This species is very popular in the pet trade, and is considered threatened in the wild.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Pyxis arachnoides </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Spider Tortoise; Madagascar): These tortoises are critically endangered.<span style=""> </span>Rather than laying a large clutch of small eggs, females lay a single, large egg at a time.<span style=""> </span>They tend to live in coastal, sandy areas.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"></p><p style="font-family: arial;"></p><p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal" face="arial"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY5ipS9ifOfiKQdZVzfIZWQJqNaGBNgdvkfPiMrWFCdDNqlVkeZ-yrzHYKIlQuy1OGCKWpQS7MpacFZdr_6myiUbR3_OW5zW003EBKyHG5vAcO9_NyJP5mTxpO-lULRaAAV3ZvuDvK3eOT/s1600/100_2302.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY5ipS9ifOfiKQdZVzfIZWQJqNaGBNgdvkfPiMrWFCdDNqlVkeZ-yrzHYKIlQuy1OGCKWpQS7MpacFZdr_6myiUbR3_OW5zW003EBKyHG5vAcO9_NyJP5mTxpO-lULRaAAV3ZvuDvK3eOT/s320/100_2302.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727664816959499394" border="0" /></a></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal" face="arial"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Order Squamata (Sauria/Lacertilia)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(102, 51, 255);font-size:100%;" > Family Chamaeleonidae:</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Furcifer pardalis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > (Panther Chameleon; Madagascar): These are arboreal lizards that exhibit the xygodactyl condition and independently moveable eyes seen in all chamaeleonids.<span style=""> </span>Males are typically much larger than females, often roughly twice as large.<span style=""> </span>They consume insect prey, which they capture using their highly extensible tongue.<a name="_GoBack"></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRQGdIPDlTq5LuVlXYZeCHr5xA4A06TaRRt-icWpQhHOgkbJQahBH2OIrMbtj0haZo4wpYaOSipLiQyOrpm8U2Fr_nSNhGri4BJeK6eEk9vjRpUTQsKRltZUaj10LHeIQmj40HURdet55/s1600/100_2298.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRQGdIPDlTq5LuVlXYZeCHr5xA4A06TaRRt-icWpQhHOgkbJQahBH2OIrMbtj0haZo4wpYaOSipLiQyOrpm8U2Fr_nSNhGri4BJeK6eEk9vjRpUTQsKRltZUaj10LHeIQmj40HURdet55/s320/100_2298.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727663799977255250" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" face="arial" style="text-indent: 0.5in; font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Family Gekkonidae:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Phelsuma standingi </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Standing’s Day Gecko; Madagascar): These are small to medium-sized arboreal lizards, which are the largest extant day geckos.<span style=""> </span>Unlike most geckos, they are diurnal.<span style=""> </span>They are omnivorous, consuming a variety of insect prey as well as vegetation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Uroplatus henkeli </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Madagascar Leaf Tail Gecko; Madagascar): These are highly arboreal geckos that only come down from the trees to lay eggs.<span style=""> </span>They have a flattened tail and mottled coloration that makes them highly cryptic when perched on the sides of trees.</span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdn6Iy8xZZ2vC6ckwC_NGIj27wZRYzSIlWF_aBPHPuRe40q_UFriiV2mFDgQtReMNsDn4e6LUPz5O4Bux-fSc5hHuFmbaJjJW9EPzRyB2fvrYJNGVeUbqPayi4HEhMqUEit6sOhHZdHyXx/s1600/100_1074.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdn6Iy8xZZ2vC6ckwC_NGIj27wZRYzSIlWF_aBPHPuRe40q_UFriiV2mFDgQtReMNsDn4e6LUPz5O4Bux-fSc5hHuFmbaJjJW9EPzRyB2fvrYJNGVeUbqPayi4HEhMqUEit6sOhHZdHyXx/s320/100_1074.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727662816094333634" border="0" /></a><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Iguanidae:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Brachylophus fasciatus</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > (Fiji Island Banded Iguana; Fiji Islands): These are diurnal, arboreal lizards that live in habitats ranging from upland could forests to lowland swamps.<span style=""> </span>They have a short crest of spines running down the neck and back.</span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBz7lwrw5XJIsGtH9aBK205MqknE2yTAqEdB82o4JyrBhJ7tDyYlPfpiycmf5LYwIwwJz74y4-Taq1-TGjWUCjr1QizYHt0hx3O7xLRu2S_8IFf6X3lSkZ61bjylYv6SDuNCzveMkhD8OP/s1600/100_2318.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 126px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBz7lwrw5XJIsGtH9aBK205MqknE2yTAqEdB82o4JyrBhJ7tDyYlPfpiycmf5LYwIwwJz74y4-Taq1-TGjWUCjr1QizYHt0hx3O7xLRu2S_8IFf6X3lSkZ61bjylYv6SDuNCzveMkhD8OP/s320/100_2318.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727662343589235186" border="0" /></a></span></span><br /><br /><br /></span><style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: arial;font-family:";font-size:100%;" > <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Scincidae</span><br /><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""> </span><i style="">Corucia zebrata </i>(Prehensile-tailed Skink, Solomon Islands): This is the largest extant species of skink and is primarily arboreal. <i style="">C. zebrata </i>is viviparous, meaning it gives live birth. They are primarily herbivores.</span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8F8wdMmYBObMqhnxLjB0CRzAl-UBoJqDaoXsVVoo6-i9hSSNMQ97P8zBx7zdTIlp2fwFi3HuG2-K_8P3ACofGscikiApiiq5zrEZJ42h_qdmXjeeiBKGzzZ7_F9nHg1MKEqJsTJuTGig_/s1600/100_2326.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 222px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8F8wdMmYBObMqhnxLjB0CRzAl-UBoJqDaoXsVVoo6-i9hSSNMQ97P8zBx7zdTIlp2fwFi3HuG2-K_8P3ACofGscikiApiiq5zrEZJ42h_qdmXjeeiBKGzzZ7_F9nHg1MKEqJsTJuTGig_/s320/100_2326.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727661943320312562" border="0" /></a></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Varanidae:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Varanus prasinus </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Green Tree Monitor; New Guinea): These are medium-sized, arboreal lizards.<span style=""> </span>Coloration ranges from bright green to turquoise.<span style=""> </span>They prey primarily upon insects, but will also consume small mammals.</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jdpr2MYAUL-3ABjH9v9rVvsHBAHBzu4yi8lpHnvJm3DVAkIB-LWM3pTo72O1Kr0lYfPCoqxHd5383pXXRmJ5UkTylKxJmkrAGBNE4SwA86J4vtWghv5YJsIipTagnH6JCOQ-kB8VazY7/s1600/100_2321.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 260px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jdpr2MYAUL-3ABjH9v9rVvsHBAHBzu4yi8lpHnvJm3DVAkIB-LWM3pTo72O1Kr0lYfPCoqxHd5383pXXRmJ5UkTylKxJmkrAGBNE4SwA86J4vtWghv5YJsIipTagnH6JCOQ-kB8VazY7/s320/100_2321.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727600061071556898" border="0" /></a></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></p><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Order Squamata (Serpentes/Ophidia):</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Boidae:</span></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Boa constrictor </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Red-tailed Boa; southern North America through northern South America): These are nocturnal, fairly large, heavy-bodied snakes without labial pits.<span style=""> </span>Th</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >ey are primarily ambush predators th</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >at consume a variety of endothermic prey.</span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNzC9XJIxJDgMUQzAJpwnXqRa2u6cc0FcIiC-lUntqxPomm9u0IF2ygIeq-VkW43p7VYpbXRZiltT0XrdM9iqjGJYiVFY9fxWsXGSLIAN-zuVjh9FsqE3gOY_0PVAxWeNZ40UXWgxPl2g/s1600/100_2307.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNzC9XJIxJDgMUQzAJpwnXqRa2u6cc0FcIiC-lUntqxPomm9u0IF2ygIeq-VkW43p7VYpbXRZiltT0XrdM9iqjGJYiVFY9fxWsXGSLIAN-zuVjh9FsqE3gOY_0PVAxWeNZ40UXWgxPl2g/s320/100_2307.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727599707082333730" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Corallus caninus</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > (Emerald Tree Boa; northern South America): These are highly arboreal snakes with well-developed labial pits.<span style=""> </span>Although it was previously though that they preyed mainly on birds, much of their diet seems to be made up of mammals.<span style=""> </span>Whereas adults are a characteristic green, juveniles are brick-red.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1x_BbDqdTeBO4zbjRg9VhspY4w69C6PWKKFUkB2o1Wi5suePyBrVwl2lW4dL06Qr6S5xcmW4lm7y-UCJmZPpx3UD5jmq0x8Kz27CRgvFI5angBcEPxzJEoP9dqv2xPzP4SNzjIxlZQ-6/s1600/100_0271.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1x_BbDqdTeBO4zbjRg9VhspY4w69C6PWKKFUkB2o1Wi5suePyBrVwl2lW4dL06Qr6S5xcmW4lm7y-UCJmZPpx3UD5jmq0x8Kz27CRgvFI5angBcEPxzJEoP9dqv2xPzP4SNzjIxlZQ-6/s320/100_0271.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727599369559520402" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Family Colubridae:</span><span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Orthriophis taeniurus </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Beauty Ratsnake; Southeast Asia): These are diurnal, semi-arboreal snakes that lack labial pits.<span style=""> </span>They range from yellowish-brown to olive in coloration.</span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Philodryas baroni </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Baron’s Racer; Central South America): These are highly arboreal snakes that lack labial pits.<span style=""> </span>Coloration is somewhat variable and ranges from green or blue to brown.<span style=""> </span>They have characteristically extended rostral scales, which protrude from the front of the snout.<span style=""> </span>They possess opisthoglyphous fangs, and are mildly venomous.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit7L918nY5WyGUAgQAIXsivcL8ANhvmO4bmScOOf6HY-i0m_vJUvIdfi8i_gJVVq06qFqUGECMs2kCL8NjJpUud-D4p5fueCFpu2MYlioBNBcCINVFHzT_9YUKpdKQkvRIgxvSke03Fidb/s1600/100_1078.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 318px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit7L918nY5WyGUAgQAIXsivcL8ANhvmO4bmScOOf6HY-i0m_vJUvIdfi8i_gJVVq06qFqUGECMs2kCL8NjJpUud-D4p5fueCFpu2MYlioBNBcCINVFHzT_9YUKpdKQkvRIgxvSke03Fidb/s320/100_1078.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727598717605480130" border="0" /></a></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Spilotes pullatus </span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;">(Tiger Ratsnake; Central America and northern South America): These are arboreal snakes that lack labial pits.<span style=""> </span>Coloration is somewhat variable, although the general pattern is black with yellow to white bands.<span style=""> </span>They prey on a wide variety of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, and lizards.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwbkfVFVGCnEKdditpwPdntlNaEo3SiUK4YBrPiSBLESX6ZfJIBtcz7V5djevX7ClG61KsvcADKcy1bHyfHOCaw4bsZ-FdDNbCg1GZNHTDf5O3LXY1MOTT3MaVxM8h_ZEAGBAokVv3Ue9/s1600/100_2310.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwbkfVFVGCnEKdditpwPdntlNaEo3SiUK4YBrPiSBLESX6ZfJIBtcz7V5djevX7ClG61KsvcADKcy1bHyfHOCaw4bsZ-FdDNbCg1GZNHTDf5O3LXY1MOTT3MaVxM8h_ZEAGBAokVv3Ue9/s320/100_2310.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727598484300691970" border="0" /></a></span></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; color: rgb(102, 51, 255); font-family: arial;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Pythonidae</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" face="arial" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Broghammerus reticulatus </span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;">(Reticulated Python; Southeast Asia): These are mainly terrestrial, large, heavy-bodied snakes with labial pits.<span style=""> </span>They are the longest extant snakes, and can grow to over 6 meters in length. <span style=""> </span>They primarily prey on mammals. </span></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" face="arial" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv72uEnxpIwwdeEeNKrBLFuZ2Q0oSO2zCSCRL4d8fhOqWxSKbZCYrVSdPzIBU1cryVwV2asCcTf1wh9URZMP7ZZl_3hMkpcL9GoKGV0nUwupGbtjG-jB3syHFBe3Ng3bV7RYhnvexDpDBe/s1600/100_2334.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv72uEnxpIwwdeEeNKrBLFuZ2Q0oSO2zCSCRL4d8fhOqWxSKbZCYrVSdPzIBU1cryVwV2asCcTf1wh9URZMP7ZZl_3hMkpcL9GoKGV0nUwupGbtjG-jB3syHFBe3Ng3bV7RYhnvexDpDBe/s320/100_2334.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727598136320397010" border="0" /></a>Morelia viridis </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Green Tree Boa; New Guinea, Indonesia, and northern Australia):<span style=""> </span>These are highly arboreal snakes with well-developed labial pits.<span style=""> </span>They superficially resemble the Emerald Tree Boa (<i style="">Corallus caninus</i>), although in <i style="">M. viridis, </i>the labial pits are set in the labial scales, whereas they are between the labial scales in <i style="">C. caninus.<span style=""> </span></i>Adults are a characteristic green, and juveniles (which are more terrestrial and live at the forest edge) are red or yellow until they assume their arboreal lifestyle.</span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBSPuv2d8vycjPDE__2_TLXAd7r9fdxnDYe7CHOoj9Z3we5vP3OaoAnppQM8jViA2-aUUxv8MFBPdPutn7UTleTqToj4cCPuXzmx-eq44XXQdLdSRhvc45AvX0gTnOO1HfwDSVilImDHg/s1600/100_1089.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBSPuv2d8vycjPDE__2_TLXAd7r9fdxnDYe7CHOoj9Z3we5vP3OaoAnppQM8jViA2-aUUxv8MFBPdPutn7UTleTqToj4cCPuXzmx-eq44XXQdLdSRhvc45AvX0gTnOO1HfwDSVilImDHg/s320/100_1089.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727597437837982834" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Order Crocodylia:</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Crocodylidae:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Osteolaemus tetraspis </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Dwarf Crocodile; western central Africa): These crocodiles are the smallest members of Crocodylidae, reaching roughly 1.5 meters as adults.<span style=""> </span>They tend to live swamps and areas with small, slow streams.<span style=""> </span>They are nocturnal, and will frequently spend the day in a burrow they have dug.<span style=""> </span>Like most crocodylians, <i style="">Osteolaemus </i>demonstrates maternal care of eggs and hatchlings.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd6g2PN5oXUtNPLawk053pKa0wzki_9H-CLraol2jJ-XK_G9SraIKwoQlr-djoJMQJkbBdDYZG083I0f5hk153fJc0uQCNahaLIJ18vM_a0Ockj8Qyrc5v-cd-gCIRzetdglH9Y8NcNHMg/s1600/100_0259.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 136px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd6g2PN5oXUtNPLawk053pKa0wzki_9H-CLraol2jJ-XK_G9SraIKwoQlr-djoJMQJkbBdDYZG083I0f5hk153fJc0uQCNahaLIJ18vM_a0Ockj8Qyrc5v-cd-gCIRzetdglH9Y8NcNHMg/s200/100_0259.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727596849950521954" border="0" /></a></span></p> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p style="font-family: arial;" face="arial" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" > <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);">Family Gavialidae:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Gavialis gaqngeticus </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >(Gharial; India & Nepal): Gharials have the longest and narrowest jaws of any crocodylians, and are also the most aquatic.<span style=""> </span>They tend to live in deep, fast-flowing rivers where they specialize on fish. <span style=""> </span>Like most crocodylians, <i style="">Gavialis </i>demonstrates maternal care of eggs and hatchlings.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCuWvvyDftmRJQyH7Vx8f3YpUwE8fyV4_ts6NDTBnuqn6RHlv92eLme4ZR82v2rVeBCIycwvfQyJ2s7sujd1mvchY90OGMyD79s4JZiucKl76ez2F9y5MhMh1kUuVB_GQlH2OTJd3-KS1l/s1600/100_2349.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 288px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCuWvvyDftmRJQyH7Vx8f3YpUwE8fyV4_ts6NDTBnuqn6RHlv92eLme4ZR82v2rVeBCIycwvfQyJ2s7sujd1mvchY90OGMyD79s4JZiucKl76ez2F9y5MhMh1kUuVB_GQlH2OTJd3-KS1l/s400/100_2349.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727595313661821026" border="0" /></a></span></p>Daniel Paluhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06358496312314403927noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-12840797304919533772012-04-03T20:57:00.000-04:002012-04-03T20:57:18.965-04:00Lab 7: Reptiles of the World (Jeff Walker and Alex Valigosky)<b>Reptiles of the World</b><br />
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<b>ORDER TESTUDINES </b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Carrettochelys insculpta</i></td></tr>
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<b>Family Carettochelyidae</b></div>
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<i>Carettochelys insculpta </i>(Fly River Pignosed Turtle) [Australia and New Guinea] This species is very similar morphologically to family Trionychidae in terms of limbs adapted for swimming. </div>
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<b>Family </b><b>Chelidae</b></div>
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<i>Chelodina mccordi</i> (McCords snake necked turtle) [Roti Island, Indonesia] This turtle is found on only one island. Recent discoveries have lead researchers to believe that there may be two distinct species actually residing on the island. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw92ZEqAUEIjAGyz2ix9Ozefsx5j3jovL9lCBGMLNb-i1135wUNdzK1RGhLhh2We9ynC9fQPNHhd8sTqYkE3kgVgpnM8pUV81lzTTYrhrcNv9m0MiFD_U5voxnfU24ZLGYa1HiYHhl11Az/s1600/Slide19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw92ZEqAUEIjAGyz2ix9Ozefsx5j3jovL9lCBGMLNb-i1135wUNdzK1RGhLhh2We9ynC9fQPNHhd8sTqYkE3kgVgpnM8pUV81lzTTYrhrcNv9m0MiFD_U5voxnfU24ZLGYa1HiYHhl11Az/s320/Slide19.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Chelodina mccordi</i></td></tr>
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<i>Emydura subglobosa (</i>Red bellied sidenecked turtle) [Australia, Papua New Guinea] These guys can grow up to ten inches in length, and they rarely leave the water.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcQ6x2y4JPJ451OK_4eaw0umRmjEjxAAotrE4bXKWzzuKHW7RtZIvG-r9gKRlafo8OdajcRx0ULjqQ88KOy5ataDzUYkcev7oJUcBDEfSzorzWijfSlueDOcIX577w0SasP3wTUAHqeiq/s1600/Slide14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcQ6x2y4JPJ451OK_4eaw0umRmjEjxAAotrE4bXKWzzuKHW7RtZIvG-r9gKRlafo8OdajcRx0ULjqQ88KOy5ataDzUYkcev7oJUcBDEfSzorzWijfSlueDOcIX577w0SasP3wTUAHqeiq/s200/Slide14.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Emydura subglobosa</i></td></tr>
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<i>Phrynops hilarii (</i>spot bellied side necked turtle) [South America, Brazil] A defensive behavior of this species is a retreat to the water, where it will dive and cover itself with mud to hide.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPyGZ4tx3bkUWEml-uohKmvnRotia1hMOHHr_ZFHujLtCW0mQRwBfUg4bsMzFdaBMBj1B8D1PtVxj9oOqJmZwQlBLwHWXB7BX34gQME4nuaK5S2uVkosJRQM9WmNmZEmGdi3UfiAcrKNn/s1600/Slide08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPyGZ4tx3bkUWEml-uohKmvnRotia1hMOHHr_ZFHujLtCW0mQRwBfUg4bsMzFdaBMBj1B8D1PtVxj9oOqJmZwQlBLwHWXB7BX34gQME4nuaK5S2uVkosJRQM9WmNmZEmGdi3UfiAcrKNn/s400/Slide08.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Phrynops hilarii</i></td></tr>
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<b>Family </b><b><b>Geomydidae</b></b></div>
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<i>Batagur affinis </i> (southern river terrapin) [Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia] This turtle's carapace can grow up to two feet in length. Use of its eggs as a food source for local people is causing decrease in numbers. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Batagur affinis</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUfGhnryfRnVpwSbtGY99BTM58hCs_Msr3raCLYosMPs3w4gCe7y_hAIwyG__k1S67j25807j6JFiesf6n734bZPdNy66gylULAxE0KY2FIS9yvaHHYaOfLbp8_CTcVdJjJlqGp21jgcy/s1600/Slide06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUfGhnryfRnVpwSbtGY99BTM58hCs_Msr3raCLYosMPs3w4gCe7y_hAIwyG__k1S67j25807j6JFiesf6n734bZPdNy66gylULAxE0KY2FIS9yvaHHYaOfLbp8_CTcVdJjJlqGp21jgcy/s200/Slide06.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Geochlemys hamiltonii</i></td></tr>
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<i>Geoclemys hamiltonii </i>(Spotted Pond Turtle) [ Pakistan, Northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh] This turtle inhabits the Indus and Ganges River drainages. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8G6_H-oY9gZblRkQhH0afRXjvLHFMAiO4bOed4G5lFc6C-WcanfZ79PBoO3q3MO2YuPN9lZS2EKGFmG-rVHMJwqM-7qGBNdahjDWJ5j6mcf2Z8IbsmTzakSJsqe12NgxMNUrybrol8xNC/s1600/Slide05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8G6_H-oY9gZblRkQhH0afRXjvLHFMAiO4bOed4G5lFc6C-WcanfZ79PBoO3q3MO2YuPN9lZS2EKGFmG-rVHMJwqM-7qGBNdahjDWJ5j6mcf2Z8IbsmTzakSJsqe12NgxMNUrybrol8xNC/s320/Slide05.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Pyxus arachnoides</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b></b><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>Family </b><b><b>Testudinidae</b></b></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b><b></b></b><br /><b><b></b></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<i>Pyxus arachnoides </i>(spider tortoise) [Madagascar only]. This is a critically endangered tortoise species found only on the island of Madagascar. </div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b></b><br /><b></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02cCJx8E-4mx5eslVlV2AQj9CwBOau_qVNxJDP83_hRyOMPybmZJVgBpNszruXKC7YyMoXgkZUWbPju8-jzwcgbCEbnEB-g13bi7fDGPcucSuyEuSyVwOGYUnb30tDFe8GpRE6QInBd1O/s1600/Slide03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02cCJx8E-4mx5eslVlV2AQj9CwBOau_qVNxJDP83_hRyOMPybmZJVgBpNszruXKC7YyMoXgkZUWbPju8-jzwcgbCEbnEB-g13bi7fDGPcucSuyEuSyVwOGYUnb30tDFe8GpRE6QInBd1O/s200/Slide03.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Podocnemis unifilis</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Family </b><b>Podocnemidae</b></div>
<i><br /></i><br />
<i>Podocnemis unifilis </i>(Spotted Amazon River Turtle) [South America] This pleurodiran lives along the banks of the Amazon River in South America.<b></b><br />
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<b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>ORDER SQUAMATA (Sauria/Lacertilia)</b><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqissOyI3seJk4OQ6Rzl6xr__eUGQxU68rl_WjECLDy2M-z_DJTpDKeunCl_0RATqIDNYbA2vpJTBwOYGv8oO-0lD5k_3iWWDEA8f82iF__rmAzlLAdTXDxt2ucP-j04RIcTJ_LSQe5-pk/s1600/Slide12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqissOyI3seJk4OQ6Rzl6xr__eUGQxU68rl_WjECLDy2M-z_DJTpDKeunCl_0RATqIDNYbA2vpJTBwOYGv8oO-0lD5k_3iWWDEA8f82iF__rmAzlLAdTXDxt2ucP-j04RIcTJ_LSQe5-pk/s200/Slide12.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Chamaeleo pardalis</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Family Chamaeleonidae</b><br />
<b></b><br /><b></b><br />
<i>Chamaeleo pardalis </i>(Panther Chameleon) [Madagascar] Like all other chameleons, this reptiles has xygodactyl hands and feet, a long, sticky tongue, and independently mobile, stereoscopic eyes. The panther chameleon is also a color changer capable of taking on vibrant rainbow colors.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIzC1cAfBkJECa84oroY4vjlQ3TTnYZXhNywDDSdijsu8xiQf_4Uhxag1lsW41NiplrlyVy2oZorwXpYerz36Lt3ZRpdxEsM4J5D_VmzA3sUAEH3OH2fDQqi13dCI4PIirQkVjUcWj-5AI/s1600/Slide13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIzC1cAfBkJECa84oroY4vjlQ3TTnYZXhNywDDSdijsu8xiQf_4Uhxag1lsW41NiplrlyVy2oZorwXpYerz36Lt3ZRpdxEsM4J5D_VmzA3sUAEH3OH2fDQqi13dCI4PIirQkVjUcWj-5AI/s320/Slide13.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Uroplatus henkel</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b></b><br /><b></b><br />
<b>Family </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>Gekkonidae</b></span><br /><b></b><br /><b></b><br />
<i>Uroplatus henkeli (</i>madagascar leaf tailed gecko) [Madagascar] This gekkonid is a prime example of the lamella we have been talking about in class. In the picture, the gecko is clinging to the glass using them. Otherwise, they cling to tree limbs where lamellae, combined with intricate camouflage, act in evading predators.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirx54iuJWCIITgK2NdNRLHY6pwNkBy8Hiblv-2nBCjrdWHo32LWorBOrZuDwnhyphenhyphenIBFeiDIuqhr8a3Siqa-8e0BmECWIejEAVm4yxo6KhVd8zgmQesSGxwaFrddZP6yq9afNvMruS6ZGhl8/s1600/Slide02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirx54iuJWCIITgK2NdNRLHY6pwNkBy8Hiblv-2nBCjrdWHo32LWorBOrZuDwnhyphenhyphenIBFeiDIuqhr8a3Siqa-8e0BmECWIejEAVm4yxo6KhVd8zgmQesSGxwaFrddZP6yq9afNvMruS6ZGhl8/s200/Slide02.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Brachylophus fasciatus</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>Family </b><b>Iguanidae</b><br />
<br />
<i>Brachylophus fasciatus (</i>fiji island banded iguana) [Fiji Islands] The occurrence of this species here is rare and the only representative of iguanids away from the new world. It may have also been introduced by humans to Tonga, where it also resides.<br />
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<b><br /></b><br />
<b>Family </b><b>Varanidae</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<i>Varanus prasinus </i>(Green Tree monitor) [New Guinea] This is an arboreal lizard preying on insects, small eggs, lizards, and frogs.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh35xd_pa6KgN7tksju1Xo0VQlOEXsVxcsa5P6g3aduQ6vgPyoflOukLFbiM3zmwB_ClZl2svYS7QR9SAqI_nFNfAejFOMf_DSHYkInhx2uZk5wMtoYMNOX2MPCrXEWwr2DlSfqCLB9qAyw/s1600/Slide16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh35xd_pa6KgN7tksju1Xo0VQlOEXsVxcsa5P6g3aduQ6vgPyoflOukLFbiM3zmwB_ClZl2svYS7QR9SAqI_nFNfAejFOMf_DSHYkInhx2uZk5wMtoYMNOX2MPCrXEWwr2DlSfqCLB9qAyw/s400/Slide16.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Varanus prasinus</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>ORDER SQUAMATA (Serpentes/Ophidia)</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>Family </b><b>Colubridae </b><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0v_qI7UNQyTKHg9yhaOhIauuXUKsLNF7YRjUjbcD22-L3rvM_FpbI0UrnWmHmJaYkPj52l7XHpc5_FNSzyvVK3KHv7avm7YRDhOv9RstZTCjTzq52HBB7RIfJinKVOQdw2AFfxgz0kR1D/s1600/Slide18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0v_qI7UNQyTKHg9yhaOhIauuXUKsLNF7YRjUjbcD22-L3rvM_FpbI0UrnWmHmJaYkPj52l7XHpc5_FNSzyvVK3KHv7avm7YRDhOv9RstZTCjTzq52HBB7RIfJinKVOQdw2AFfxgz0kR1D/s320/Slide18.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Philodryas borani</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Philodryas borani </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">(Baron's Racer) [Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay] This snake can be green or brown, rear-fanged, with a mild venom. </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifQDyoVuZDp3nSbzmUdNcj0Da2kh0sSyPNfFdEOfVUVtItj4qQ0x-0KIv9bqSRg2mVz8IStKIgrLFPIZQyg_mRArxNj76IuLN7e0zplkkgoKGvAVXn66HDKnz5KYboKovtT4emWVvTxDH2/s1600/Slide09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifQDyoVuZDp3nSbzmUdNcj0Da2kh0sSyPNfFdEOfVUVtItj4qQ0x-0KIv9bqSRg2mVz8IStKIgrLFPIZQyg_mRArxNj76IuLN7e0zplkkgoKGvAVXn66HDKnz5KYboKovtT4emWVvTxDH2/s200/Slide09.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Spolotes pullouts</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Spilotes pullouts </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">(Tiger Rat Snake) [Central and Northern South America]</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i> </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">This is an arboreal snake that traps lizards and birds. </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuU2-LvPJhtfJ-x86Q1sad2bfJ2U8CIfB-5WI9UmhbTiY-j5uUiJ_9-EYOCZwtsfj8qSF0a42uU2_6PICRJSKPwEqnXOOVDtr-j0v6vHlfxWOz-CT2M5rObE-ZVAXp1B7upSD_7i_TG3qe/s1600/Slide11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuU2-LvPJhtfJ-x86Q1sad2bfJ2U8CIfB-5WI9UmhbTiY-j5uUiJ_9-EYOCZwtsfj8qSF0a42uU2_6PICRJSKPwEqnXOOVDtr-j0v6vHlfxWOz-CT2M5rObE-ZVAXp1B7upSD_7i_TG3qe/s320/Slide11.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Python reticulatus</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Family </b><b>Pythonidae</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Python reticulatus </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">(reticulated python) [India, Indochina] This is listed as one of the longest snakes in the world. This species is a constrictor.</span></b><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b></b></span></b><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<i>Morelia viridis </i>(Green Tree Python) [New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia] This arboreal species is known for its extremely vibrant green coloration. Juveniles, however, are polymorphic. </div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYzUNzR__8CDri59eQPFI9fGvl0OeiazGH5-qGZkle5HRVZB59VHCuzf3P_2r1iIAZit1Rd76q_cJez5o6MG-VvpqQpeuUjfwhBIv4BGlKdaqMBsc-mLKIr1IJeyye9HYXWhMLwm9USNZ/s1600/Slide15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYzUNzR__8CDri59eQPFI9fGvl0OeiazGH5-qGZkle5HRVZB59VHCuzf3P_2r1iIAZit1Rd76q_cJez5o6MG-VvpqQpeuUjfwhBIv4BGlKdaqMBsc-mLKIr1IJeyye9HYXWhMLwm9USNZ/s400/Slide15.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Morelia viridis </i>(LEFT), <i>Corralus caninus </i>(RIGHT)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>Family </b><b>Boidae</b><br />
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<i>Corallus caninus </i>(Emerald Tree Boa) [South America] This is a non-venomous booed that has bright green skin with some white stripes. Juveniles may display orange or red.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlhYx3j5LzZBh_92oS1Rb7LZ3-eOJl8WMfNFkwbyuZ_P5_wJ_ldwYnukMVehcLzWlHOxC7fWk6mufgi8icp-O8l3GcntjT00QRHlbRb9Yuf6n-oCZRhKeAP1dQ94KE0DkFdZ56kHc7zpqM/s1600/Slide10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlhYx3j5LzZBh_92oS1Rb7LZ3-eOJl8WMfNFkwbyuZ_P5_wJ_ldwYnukMVehcLzWlHOxC7fWk6mufgi8icp-O8l3GcntjT00QRHlbRb9Yuf6n-oCZRhKeAP1dQ94KE0DkFdZ56kHc7zpqM/s320/Slide10.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boa constrictor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></i><br />
<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><i>Boa constrictor </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">[South and Central America, Madagascar, and Reunion Island] These non-venomous snakes can grow up to 14 feet in length. </span></i><br />
<i><br /></i><br />
<b>ORDER CROCODILIA</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJ_1kAMJLvwiJFrIg_MlzvUq9zEOQFLIZy8SPB3McofUnA_XlBzditPXKAmw5c7LFE1MMCKaA9__Ott87LMCKL842yU2BxCoDEKWKsAdBUM085OvsxgUVZL8PXdTBj1i4D9bTGBHSqoE-/s1600/Slide17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJ_1kAMJLvwiJFrIg_MlzvUq9zEOQFLIZy8SPB3McofUnA_XlBzditPXKAmw5c7LFE1MMCKaA9__Ott87LMCKL842yU2BxCoDEKWKsAdBUM085OvsxgUVZL8PXdTBj1i4D9bTGBHSqoE-/s400/Slide17.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Family </b><b>Crocodylidae</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<i>Osteolaemus tetraspis (</i>dwarf crocodile) [Africa] As its name implies, this is the smallest extant crocodile species in the world.<br />
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<b>Family </b><b>Gavialidae</b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<i>Gavialis gangeticus (</i>gharial) [Indian Subcontinent] These gharials' snouts allow them to most effectively capture fish, their main prey item as adults, due to its small, narrow size that allows it to snap through the water more quickly.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9EJQlCRtJjy03NSxOZkAmpAFFmHdA_zfcSxd-j9Hl9lt5IAmgMNJFuobqjs30jNck_QtjsyO5OpRGOg20dJFm33xof2RSlJVu3F1tsbwXH-cbKun1pV6xnU41jhDEfHMMK5VrWb6vo0F5/s1600/Slide04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9EJQlCRtJjy03NSxOZkAmpAFFmHdA_zfcSxd-j9Hl9lt5IAmgMNJFuobqjs30jNck_QtjsyO5OpRGOg20dJFm33xof2RSlJVu3F1tsbwXH-cbKun1pV6xnU41jhDEfHMMK5VrWb6vo0F5/s400/Slide04.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gavialis gangeticus</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />alex valigoskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08728316310053942892noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-60593480240193929712012-04-01T23:51:00.023-04:002012-04-03T22:16:05.797-04:00Lab 7 - Reptiles of the World (Thompson & Serna)<span style="font-weight:bold;">When</span>: 23 March, 2012<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Where</span>: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">What We Did</span>: This week, our class got to see some rare reptile species at our local zoo. Some individuals would not otherwise be seen due to their placement on the endangered species list, or remote natural habitats. Below is a compiled phylogenetic list of what is offered at the zoo (natural distributions from signs at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Order Testudines</span><br /><br />Family Carretochelyidae<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLGEHo-KVGtxfn17mLe9SsA00QrYCQlOujwqn00fFDXtaKMQ1q_aMELA30t6ZTmk6ek8qoZbftVFQ1e7TkXW8paMtw7PeU6PM89UIG7gNcBmh3nMz_RwlgPRwTpEYmWktQhrguYewY6B3h/s1600/fly+river+turtle.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 166px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLGEHo-KVGtxfn17mLe9SsA00QrYCQlOujwqn00fFDXtaKMQ1q_aMELA30t6ZTmk6ek8qoZbftVFQ1e7TkXW8paMtw7PeU6PM89UIG7gNcBmh3nMz_RwlgPRwTpEYmWktQhrguYewY6B3h/s320/fly+river+turtle.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5726992882935786354" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Carretochelys insculpta</span> - fly river pignosed turtle from Papua new Guinea<br /><br /><br />Family Chelidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/8354c17c.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/8354c17c.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Chelodina mccordi</span> - McCord's snake-necked turtle from Roti Island and Indonesia<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Emydura subglobosa</span> - red-bellied side-necked turtle from northern Australia and New Guinea<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/b65151fb.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/b65151fb.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Phrynops hilarii </span>- spot-bellied side-neck turtle from South America (Brazil, Buenos Aires through Uruguay and Argentina)<br /><br /><br />Family Geoemydidae (aka Family Bataguridae)<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/d7214282.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/d7214282.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Batagur affinis</span> - southern river terrapin from Sumatra, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Batagur borneoensis</span> - painted river terrapin from southern Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/f3db4361.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/f3db4361.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Cuora galbinifrons</span> - Indochinese box turtle from China, Laos, Vietnam<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/0b611893.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/0b611893.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Geoclemys hamiltonii</span> - spotted pond turtle from southern Pakistan, northeastern India, Bangladesh<br /><br /><br />Family Podocnemidae<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3csu3KADv6S6jSphqV3tVtOVCjYfRQJ_5Ss8O_PibHJzQIv3A9mXvl0Av_ZTIBMlAI_SSNW1dMVOSuTS9GfhiakJYFnEy5_qYjMgPbe78Nqi-fRyK9MnNHn2LQRvzkYneB77MWHcYCk7P/s1600/yellow+spotted+amazon+river+turtle.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 151px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3csu3KADv6S6jSphqV3tVtOVCjYfRQJ_5Ss8O_PibHJzQIv3A9mXvl0Av_ZTIBMlAI_SSNW1dMVOSuTS9GfhiakJYFnEy5_qYjMgPbe78Nqi-fRyK9MnNHn2LQRvzkYneB77MWHcYCk7P/s320/yellow+spotted+amazon+river+turtle.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5726993010714645202" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Podocnemis unifilis</span> - yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle from Amazon and Orinco rivers of northern South America<br /><br /><br />Family Testudinidae<br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Geochelone carbonaria</span> - red-footed tortoise from northern South America<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Pyxus arachnoids</span> - spider tortoise (endangered species)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Order Squamata - Sauria</span><br /><br />Family Chamaeleonidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/d5e83f7f.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/d5e83f7f.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Chamaeleo pardalis</span> - panther chameleon from eastern and northern coasts of Madagascar and nearby islands<br /><br /><br />Family Gekkonidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/68d69883.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/68d69883.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Uroplatus henkeli</span> - Madagascar leaf tail gecko<br /><br /><br />Family Iguanidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/72446177.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/72446177.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9hDuzenJ_eO1AxeRrsi1zcGzL_Gol6V1h-_zUDDzIOzDZ1BXBtfyMxKcCjQco5ACfNkqt4BuESnGJwfIRuoDKT5WPXA8oq42C7UFQvSqRwajhMWDCGkPmDkxRvlaAYmEIGC0C34tAVBw/s1600/fiji+banded+iguana.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 151px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9hDuzenJ_eO1AxeRrsi1zcGzL_Gol6V1h-_zUDDzIOzDZ1BXBtfyMxKcCjQco5ACfNkqt4BuESnGJwfIRuoDKT5WPXA8oq42C7UFQvSqRwajhMWDCGkPmDkxRvlaAYmEIGC0C34tAVBw/s320/fiji+banded+iguana.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5726992772175299346" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Brachylophus fasciatus</span> - Fiji island banded iguana from Fiji<br /><br /><br />Family Scincidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/e308538e.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/e308538e.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Corucia zebrata</span> - prehensile-tailed skink from Solomon islands<br /><br /><br />Family Varanidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/271d6c91.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/271d6c91.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Varanus prasinus</span> - green tree monitor from Papua New Guinea<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Order Squamata - Serpentes</span><br /><br />Family Boidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/e8978f7f.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/e8978f7f.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Boa constrictor</span> - boa constrictor from Central and South America<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Corallus hortulanus</span> - Amazon tree boa from northern South America<br /><br /><br />Family Colubridae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/ac819a9b.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/ac819a9b.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Philodryas baroni</span> - Baron's racer from Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/7ecef8b3.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/7ecef8b3.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Spilotes pullatus</span> - tiger ratsnake from South and Central America<br /><br /><br /><br />Family Pythonidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/af9bde5d.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/af9bde5d.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Chondropython viridis</span> - green tree python from Solomon islands<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/96aef52a.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/96aef52a.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Python reticulatus</span> - reticulated python from southeast Asia and nearby islands<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Order Crocodilia</span><br /><br />Family Crocodylidae<br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Osteolaemus tetraspis</span> - dwarf crocodile from west and west central Africa<br /><br />Family Gavialidae<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/0aeb46d9.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/0aeb46d9.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/c094f58b.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://i1130.photobucket.com/albums/m529/lindarose88/Rept%20Lab%207%20-%20zoo/c094f58b.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Gavialis gangeticus</span> - gharial from India, Pakistan, Nepal, BangladeshLinda Thompsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02841004665847214078noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-53903743044549878042012-03-23T13:15:00.003-04:002012-03-23T13:16:25.633-04:00Lab #6 Serpentes and Ophidia: Alex Valigosky and Jeff Walker<b>Serpentes and Ophidia</b><br />
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Serpentes, or the snakes, are <b>Lepidosaurs</b>, and more precisely <b>Squamates</b>. This puts them in the clade that contains all of the lizards; <b>snakes are highly-derived lizards. </b>A major united characteristic of snakes is the evolutionary loss of legs, though, as we have pointed out in the previous blog about lizards, leglessness has evolved multiple times and Serpentes are <i>not</i> the only legless lizards. Artifacts of legs and pelvic girdles can be spotted in basal snakes, such as members of Boidae, as small projections called <b>spurs </b>near the cloaca that aid the snakes in mating.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP5ZIggvs01kTVUQ3yjpDQZWl2Wnq6WuFGCYj0g_UZFhfLqiyNQr1o50aC_9hdp46s1CUYK9zt1PpNjIN0rvJKYhoYag0T2p8DeFYuLksQK9r6lurq8DQBBmPo3Wv_M6U_yEFytrlZXIQe/s1600/Slide5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP5ZIggvs01kTVUQ3yjpDQZWl2Wnq6WuFGCYj0g_UZFhfLqiyNQr1o50aC_9hdp46s1CUYK9zt1PpNjIN0rvJKYhoYag0T2p8DeFYuLksQK9r6lurq8DQBBmPo3Wv_M6U_yEFytrlZXIQe/s400/Slide5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The tree of life - Serpentes</td></tr>
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The tree above details the hypothesized evolutionary relationships of various clades of Serpentes. The most basal members are those of the <b>Scolecophidia </b>(worm snakes, blind snakes, and file snakes); these are mostly tiny fossorial snakes that live under ground or in the substrate. The <b>Alethinophida</b> are the "real snakes". This clade includes the <b>Henophida </b>(old snakes) and<b> Caenophida</b> (new snakes). It is within the Henophida that we find such families as the Pythonidae and the Boidae and within the Caenophidia that we find families such as the Colubridae, the Viperidae, and the Elapidae. While there may be as few as 16 families, most of which are certianly monophyletic, depending upon the possible elevation of various subfamilies to family status, there may very well be many more. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdeTs_b2Zete8Ssv8-asPd7yqqZ5J0UVfaU_RiEVUiYbZ0Vt-B6RIK4KGw2jiYqKiS7pJhIuifDhbiR6xBjsHx1XH1C8noGqZ-1IVHch-2IzgwqoFeAbOzmVL9O8oMY9KRyhd2IemhP_z/s1600/Slide3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdeTs_b2Zete8Ssv8-asPd7yqqZ5J0UVfaU_RiEVUiYbZ0Vt-B6RIK4KGw2jiYqKiS7pJhIuifDhbiR6xBjsHx1XH1C8noGqZ-1IVHch-2IzgwqoFeAbOzmVL9O8oMY9KRyhd2IemhP_z/s400/Slide3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lily - Ball Python - <i>Python regius</i></td></tr>
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<b>Pythonidae</b>, the pythons, is a clade of 8 genera and some 37 species, found throughout sub-saharan Africa and through south and south east Asia and Australia. These large constrictors can live in various habitats and are all oviperous (clutch increases proportional with body size). Pythons have the incredible adaptation of cranial infrared receptors located in interlabial pits, which allow them to see heat (these evolved independently of the infrared receptors of Viperidae, below). </div>
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<b>Boidae</b>, the Boas (2 subfamilies with 11 genera, and over 60 species), can be found in western North America to southern sub-tropical South America, the West Indies, central Africa to south Asia, Madagascar, and in the South-west Pacific Island. These are also small to large constrictors; they also have cranial infrared receptors located in interlabial pits and cloacal spurs.</div>
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<b>Colubridae</b> is an extensive and diverse, but certainly monophyletic group of snakes. Seven sub-families are recognized, including: Colubrinae, Natricinae and Dipsadinae. This is a highly specious group with a world-wide distribution.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-6tgIaf_3bgzrZWZQQ69lIVAM5-fH5c6DuUodC6a-prgSFCQuFHz5n_KwFPtGJcQZA8YItr8rv6lIY5yMBIcpn3tXyki-fqmk06UJlUb6pNmKDKyh0PAK4QfnOajH95DwUzLCU0gSLJ3/s1600/Slide4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-6tgIaf_3bgzrZWZQQ69lIVAM5-fH5c6DuUodC6a-prgSFCQuFHz5n_KwFPtGJcQZA8YItr8rv6lIY5yMBIcpn3tXyki-fqmk06UJlUb6pNmKDKyh0PAK4QfnOajH95DwUzLCU0gSLJ3/s400/Slide4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The <b>Colubrinae</b> is a grab-bag of misfit colubrids. 8 genera can be found in Ohio: <i>Opheodrys vernalis </i>(smooth green snake)<i>, Opheodrys aestivus </i>(rough green snake)<i>, Coluber constrictor foxii </i>(<b>blue racer, above center</b>)<i>, Coluber constrictor constrictor </i>(northern black racer)<i>, Pantherophis obsoletus obsoletus </i>(black rat snake)<i>, Pantherophis vulpina </i>(<b>fox snake, above upper-right</b>)<i>, Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum </i>(<b>eastern milk snake, above left</b>)<i>, and Lampropeltis getula nigra </i>(black kingsnake; <i>Lampropeltis getula californiae</i>, <b>california kingsnake pictured above lower-right, </b>*not an Ohio species, but closely related)</div>
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The <b>Natricinae </b>mainly prey upon fish and amphibia (1 species known to eat crayfish, the queensnake). They are generally freshwater snakes and semi-aquatic or fully aquatic, and found throughout North America to northern Central America, Africa and Eurasia. American species are exclusively viviparous, whereas old-world taxa tend to be oviperous. There are some 13 species found in Ohio: 5 species of <i>Thamnophis</i> (<b>garter snakes, above top-left (2 snakes), bottom-left, </b>and ribbon snakes), 3 species <i>Nerodia </i>(<b>water snakes, above top-center, bottom-center</b>), 3 species of Storeria (Brown and redbelly snakes), <i>Regina septemvittata </i>(<b>queen snake, above bottom-right and top-right</b>), and Virginia valeriae valeriae (eastern smooth earth snake). </div>
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The <b>Dipsadinae </b>[Also known as the Xenodontinae] can be found throughout the new world. These are diurnal hunters (with long muscular bodies and slender heads) or nocturnal hunters/searchers (with slender bodies and blunt, over-sized heads). Clutch size is highly variable (directly associated with body size). Four species can be found in Ohio: <i>Diadophis punctatus edwardsi </i>(northern ringneck snake), <i>Heterodon platyrhinos</i> (<b>eastern hognose snake, above left and bottom-right</b>), <i>Carphophis amoenus amoenus</i> (<b>eastern worm snake, above center and upper-right</b>), and <i>Carphophis amoenus helenae</i> (midwest worm snake).<br />
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<b>Viperidae, </b>the vipers, includes 3 subfamilies: Azemiopionae, Crotalinae, and Viperinae, with a total of 40 genera. Vipers have a world-wide distribution with the exception of Papuaustrailia and the oceanic islands. These are highly venomous snakes with highly derived fang-apparati (<b>solenogyphous fangs</b>, the maxilla is highly kinetic). Many vipers have cranial infrared receptors in <b>loreal pits</b> or beneath scale surface (as opposed to the interlabial pits of old-snakes) and many of the more-derived species also have <b>rattles</b>. There are 3 Ohio species (<b>pictures to be added soon - camera malfunction</b>): <i>Agkistrodon contortrix</i> <i>mokasan </i>(northern copperhead: mokasan), <i> Sistrurus catenatus catenatus </i>(eastern massassauga), and <i>Crotalus horridus</i> (timber rattlesnake). The massassauga rattlesnake is wet/prairie specialist, while timber rattlesnake is hardwood-forest specialist; copperheads lack rattles.<br />
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<b>Elapidae </b>(<b>pictures to be added soon - camera malfunction</b>) - (southern North America to southern South America, Africa, southern Asia to southeastern Australia<b>, </b>and the tropical Indian and Pacific oceans) some of the most highly venomous snakes and includes many marine taxa. There are two sub-families: <b>Elapina</b>e includes the cobras, mombas, crates, and the <b>Hydrophiinae</b>, which includes the sea snakes (recognizable by their reduced ventral scales and laterally flattened caudal regions; adaptations obtained in the move from land to back to water). Elapinaes are primarily terrestrial, some are arboreal and fossorial. <br />
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</div>alex valigoskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08728316310053942892noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-5931216705015383852012-03-23T11:25:00.010-04:002012-03-23T13:20:46.864-04:00Lab 6: Serpentes & Ophidia (Dan Paluh and Sean Harrington)<span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >In this lab we continued looking at members of Squamata, the clade that includes lizards and snakes, focusing specifically on snakes (Serpentes/Ophidia) this time.<span style=""> </span>Squamates are members of Lepidosauria, which also includes Sphenodontida, and the general characteristics of these clades are described in our “Lepidosauria part I” blog.<span style=""> </span>As was also discussed in the earlier blog, snakes are highly derived lizards, such that the clade Sauria, which traditionally included only lizards, should be expanded to include snakes and lizards to make it monophyletic.<span style=""> </span>Snakes are limbless (although some retai</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >n rudiments of the hind limb and pelvic girdle), lack external ear openings, and lack eyelids.<span style=""> </span>The elongation of snakes is primarily achieved by elongation of the trunk and increases in the number of presacral vertebtrae.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIpxPcRrqGgHZZX9EZ43R2Up2WW7T8MZVBbVwZEEKfPea3FG3ccjD5oWiNStOzqtnEB6EHg-DfSJXrfai6uB4LEKpl6QlHh7neIGox32-zj-l27yd4Bt6T9UWhnJ4rE736ezpGP7uQVkE7/s1600/100_2206.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 273px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIpxPcRrqGgHZZX9EZ43R2Up2WW7T8MZVBbVwZEEKfPea3FG3ccjD5oWiNStOzqtnEB6EHg-DfSJXrfai6uB4LEKpl6QlHh7neIGox32-zj-l27yd4Bt6T9UWhnJ4rE736ezpGP7uQVkE7/s400/100_2206.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723118137547763042" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >Due to their lack of limbs, most snakes must consume their prey whole (those that don’t dismember their prey with their coils and then swallow the pieces whole), and derived snakes have highly specialized and kinetic skulls that allow them to swallow prey that may be much larger than a snake’s own head.<span style=""> </span>Snake exhibit extreme streptostyly, meaning that the quadrate articulates loosely with the supratemporal at its dorsal end and the lower jaw and its ventral end, which makes the lower jaw highly mobile.<span style=""> </span>Snakes also have kinetic articulations between the supratemporal and parietal, dentary and compound bone of the lower jaw, prefrontal and maxilla, and frontal and maxilla.<span style=""> </span>Snakes also have a ligamentous mandibular symphysis between their dentaries, which allows the right and left sides of the jaws to stretch apart, further facilitating the swallowing of large prey. Points of articulation are circled in the figure below.<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;color:red;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qrs5hq5Rv7QTRRrS4-oW3HLbx8vLzhsS5hyphenhyphen2R8Pc3iAhyphenhyphenxOUYOxIwrKF2TGygEqdks6CMaXnuq4xtL39wgDxZxGvAVri55CCPvQu6VBjkKe2bMCN3maSY7tXyvtR5Pg0ZHZ9r5XuEw7r/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+1.21.09+PM.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 430px; height: 217px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qrs5hq5Rv7QTRRrS4-oW3HLbx8vLzhsS5hyphenhyphen2R8Pc3iAhyphenhyphenxOUYOxIwrKF2TGygEqdks6CMaXnuq4xtL39wgDxZxGvAVri55CCPvQu6VBjkKe2bMCN3maSY7tXyvtR5Pg0ZHZ9r5XuEw7r/s400/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+1.21.09+PM.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723143526460463330" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >Most snake teeth are recurved, conical, or laterally compressed, and are solid and lack grooves.<span style=""> </span>These teeth are referred to as aglyphous and are the only type of teeth present in Clades such as Boidae and Pythonidae.<span style=""> </span>Many snakes possess specialized enlarged teeth that aid in venom delivery (fangs) in addition to the relatively unspecialized aglyphous teeth.<span style=""> </span>Fangs fall into three categories: 1) opisthoglyphous fangs are found in members of Colubridae, and are enlarged teeth at the posterior end of the maxilla which may or may not be grooved to aid in venom delivery; 2) proteroglyphous fangs are found in members of Elapidae, and are enlarged, hollow teeth used for venom delivery and positioned on reduced, immobile or relatively immobile maxillae at the front of the mouth; and 3) solenoglyphous fangs are found in members of Viperidae, and are enlarged, hollow teeth used for venom delivery that are positioned at the front of the mouth on reduced, highly mobile maxillae, which allow the fangs to swing outwards during a strike.</span></p> <span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDYjlcnhztOiWNUWeACsQrTZGT0NY41NsaENkCWiowWawK-iF4xU5u-rhFEFn1hxHZGXBsiUP4goQHnvO8f6arw3FCfYIPO3j91u6lUmn5HB3TTnvlh_AVk6n-00zjyFpfu6FSARxXxQr/s1600/fang.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 396px; height: 193px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDYjlcnhztOiWNUWeACsQrTZGT0NY41NsaENkCWiowWawK-iF4xU5u-rhFEFn1hxHZGXBsiUP4goQHnvO8f6arw3FCfYIPO3j91u6lUmn5HB3TTnvlh_AVk6n-00zjyFpfu6FSARxXxQr/s400/fang.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723114670296075922" border="0" /></a></span> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <div style="text-align: right;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span>(Vonk et al., 2008</span></b>)<br /><br /><br /><br /></span> </div><style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Serpentes Diversity<br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Pythonidae</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > (8 genera, 37 species): Pythons are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and South and Aoutheast Asia to Australia. They occur in a variety of habitat, from rain forests to deserts to semiaquatic environments. Cranial infrared receptors in interlabial pits are found in many species of pythons. All members of Pythonidae have agl</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >yphous teeth, with no specialized fangs. All pythons are oviparous an</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >d some species possess remnants of limb or girdle elements.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PewuCW0OJ8ifN6pMMa1-jk4n74OfqHvDhs_Fyl_xzgbsozUD9wOXR-YSGiZCHcIPGpv8b8QweEQMuXD3sRk-Pbmx3FPJU3ta77V0yRE1-CiOA0U27cCA-R8FgHPScD8Z7uKe1620vdjN/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+12.38.11+PM.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 321px; height: 247px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PewuCW0OJ8ifN6pMMa1-jk4n74OfqHvDhs_Fyl_xzgbsozUD9wOXR-YSGiZCHcIPGpv8b8QweEQMuXD3sRk-Pbmx3FPJU3ta77V0yRE1-CiOA0U27cCA-R8FgHPScD8Z7uKe1620vdjN/s400/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+12.38.11+PM.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723132168722545666" border="0" /></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Boidae </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >(2 subfamilies): Boas are found in Western North America to southern South America, West Indies, central Africa to South Asia, Madagascar, and Southwest Pacific Islands. Cranial infrared receptors in interlabial pits are found in many species of boas. All members of Boidae have aglyphous teeth, with no specialized fangs. Hindlimb vestiges are present as cloacal spurs a</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >nd pelvic remnants remain in some species of Boidae.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIIwVlRhSIXoRUMnMUZpj0nEM7vI_UTC2tCmp_cr5X5_om01eeu5dmGgvvjTxYSUvmBGtp_5DuVAWMfMunsjkYSiB8DTLv4P-C8k9lK3TRAa80Ou5GtixFh9MqKyKbDi-nBo27bf43zv9d/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+12.37.48+PM.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 337px; height: 318px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIIwVlRhSIXoRUMnMUZpj0nEM7vI_UTC2tCmp_cr5X5_om01eeu5dmGgvvjTxYSUvmBGtp_5DuVAWMfMunsjkYSiB8DTLv4P-C8k9lK3TRAa80Ou5GtixFh9MqKyKbDi-nBo27bf43zv9d/s400/Screen+shot+2012-03-23+at+12.37.48+PM.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723132336683728722" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Boinae</span> (7 genera, 47 species): Members of Boinae are characterized by having labial sensory pits and caudal vertebrae that have simple neural arches. All members are also viviparous. Many members are arboreal, although the species <i style="">Eunectes</i> is aquatic. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Erycinae</span> (4 genera, 17 species): Members of Erycinae are characterized by lacking labial sensory pits and caudal vertebrae that have forked neural arches. Some members of this subfamily are semifossorial, and occur in arid to moist habbits. All members</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > are also viviparous.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Colubridae</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > (7 subfamilies): Colubridae is the most speciose family of snakes, and taxonomy within this clade is still being resolved.<span style=""> </span>Colubrids possess either opisthoglyphous or completely aglyphous dentition, lack infrared receptors, and possess no remnants of limb or girdle elements.<span style=""> </span>They are found worldwide, except for on Antarctica and oceanic islands, and inhabit a wide range of habitats.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Colubrinae</span> (100+ genera, ± 650 species): Colubrinae is a highly diverse subfamily with a worldwide distribution and few defining characteristics.<span style=""> </span>Colubrines exhibit a wide range of body forms, and range from aquatic to desert inhabitants to inhabitants of montane forests.<span style=""> </span>They range from fossorial to arboreal, and may be dietary specialists or generalists.<span style=""> </span>Colubrines are primarily oviparous, though some taxa are viviparous.<span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Colubrinae contains several Ohio species: 1) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Opheodrys veralis</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (smooth green snake), 2) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">O. aestivus</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (rough green snake; observed in lab), 3) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Coluber constrictor foxii</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (blue racer; observed in lab) and </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">C. c. constricto</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">r (northern black racer), 4) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Pantherophis obsoletus obsoletus</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (black rat snake; observed in lab), 5) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">P. vulpinus</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (fox snake; observed in lab), 6) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (eastern milk snake; observed in lab), and 7) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">L. getula nigra</i> (black kingsnake; observed in lab)</span><span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >.<span style=""> </span>Colubrinae also includes the indigo snake, <i style="">Drymarchon corais, </i>which is the largest North American snake.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVaAlmd-Yog_4tD9_Nylh4yFTq6vfRmExD-iDGnNu31r2X3hK3aTklQMSPxGjGHCXixJ98XxObl5DC9xUnbHEFJvWurCn64CKp4u6T-jxAyyGNMuWCr0J1ATMGmM-hGR_hdGW_8JMTQaRu/s1600/100_2232.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVaAlmd-Yog_4tD9_Nylh4yFTq6vfRmExD-iDGnNu31r2X3hK3aTklQMSPxGjGHCXixJ98XxObl5DC9xUnbHEFJvWurCn64CKp4u6T-jxAyyGNMuWCr0J1ATMGmM-hGR_hdGW_8JMTQaRu/s400/100_2232.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723140978991456930" border="0" /></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Dipsadinae</span> (90+ genera, 700+ species, synonym: Xenodontinae): Dipsadinae is another highly diverse subfamily of colubrids.<span style=""> </span>Dipsadines are found in the Americas and inhabit all non-marine habitats.<span style=""> </span>They range from terrestrial to arboreal, and most are dietary generalists.<span style=""> </span>Members of Dipsadinae are opisthoglyphous.<span style=""> </span>Dipsadines are primarily oviparous.<span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Dipsadinae includes several Ohio species: 1) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Diadophis punctatus edwardsi </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">(northern ringneck snake; observed in lab), 2) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Heterodon platyrhinos </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">(eastern hognose snake; observed</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:85%;" > in lab), and 3) <i style="">Carpophis amoenus </i>(worm snake; observed in lab).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfX3KxZEdXKE7OpraK3AaHKEgjkdX5OlKCayZvC-jAMFSAJZMK_cefa8i9q6aHENAx3SQBWvUG2GnyhxP7SOjVcNkbS4a8tCnQFMQE2-zRPgHzyG_E2TekwZF6lv1iL00ZTFN20_CawwKQ/s1600/100_2235.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfX3KxZEdXKE7OpraK3AaHKEgjkdX5OlKCayZvC-jAMFSAJZMK_cefa8i9q6aHENAx3SQBWvUG2GnyhxP7SOjVcNkbS4a8tCnQFMQE2-zRPgHzyG_E2TekwZF6lv1iL00ZTFN20_CawwKQ/s400/100_2235.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723140485284437890" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Natricinae</span> (38 genera, 195+ species)</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >: Many natricines are semiaquatic to aquatic in freshwater, with others being primarily terrestrial to semifossorial.<span style=""> </span>Aquatic species prey primarily on fish and amphibians, though some are dietary specialists.<span style=""> </span>All New World natricines are viviparous, and Old World natricines are primarily oviparous.<span style=""> </span>Members of Natricinae are opisthoglyphous.<span style=""> </span>Natricinae <a name="_GoBack"></a>contains several <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Ohio species: 1) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Nerodia sipedon sipedon </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(northern water snake; observed in lab), </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">N. s. pleuralis </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(midland water snake); 2) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(copperbelly water snake); 3) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Regina septemvittata </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(queen snake; observed in lab); 4)</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> Thamnophis butleri </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(Butler’s garter snake); 5) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">T. sirtalis sirtalis </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(eastern garter snake; observed in lab); 6) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">T. radix radix </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(eastern plains garter snake); 7) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">T. sauritus sauritus </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(eastern ribbon snake); 8) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">T. s. septentrionalis </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(northern ribbon snake); 9) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Storeria dekayi </i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(brown snake; observed in lab); 10) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">S. occipitomaculata occipitomaculata </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(northern redbelly snake; observed in lab); and 11) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Virginia valeriae valeriae </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(eastern smooth earth snake).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XZ46Y0B4BOvHPfVLbz9DYOd4PHfPOi7Emfuhgqcix-sbEQv5wubHW2fNIST_dNUi7iRCE558LvdbmUrqHQSzC3KGzGEiV3_XAyOvK4RcH984o_A3lThHqfpT4nSEQa0oVgCTMb1YLUJ5/s1600/100_2236.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XZ46Y0B4BOvHPfVLbz9DYOd4PHfPOi7Emfuhgqcix-sbEQv5wubHW2fNIST_dNUi7iRCE558LvdbmUrqHQSzC3KGzGEiV3_XAyOvK4RcH984o_A3lThHqfpT4nSEQa0oVgCTMb1YLUJ5/s400/100_2236.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723131004994671634" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Elapidae </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" >(2 subfamilies): Elapids are found from Southern North America to southern South America, Africa, southern Asia to southern Australia, and the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. All elapids are venomous and have proteroglyphous fangs. No cranial infrared receptors are present and girdle and limb elements are absent. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJHLw4oKQJ6gc3TyxU_VaikjDLNnhNmXSRM54C55H12PyFwdb5eZxNeza1eUbMXq-QqPfjiF6rHD91OhYMtHhd4a45vSKFh3H8SbYcNgLaW-_CONnkGcr_laGBbsfrlNejZZHWAd-xW5gZ/s1600/100_2215.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJHLw4oKQJ6gc3TyxU_VaikjDLNnhNmXSRM54C55H12PyFwdb5eZxNeza1eUbMXq-QqPfjiF6rHD91OhYMtHhd4a45vSKFh3H8SbYcNgLaW-_CONnkGcr_laGBbsfrlNejZZHWAd-xW5gZ/s400/100_2215.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723131258307353378" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily “Elapinae” </span>(17 genera, 130+ species): This somewhat diverse subfamiliy contains mostly terrestrial snakes, although some arboreal and aquatic species are present. They are mainly predators of vertebrates, and are mostly oviparous, although a few species are viviparous. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Hydrophiinae</span> (43 genera, 165+ species): This group of Elapids are characterized by having palatine bones that lack choanal processes. Both terrestrial and aquatic species are found within this subfamily. “True” sea snakes belong to this group, and are characterized by having a laterally compressed body, a paddle like tail, and loss of enlarged ventral scales. All sea snakes are viviparous. Sea kraits have good terrestrial locomotion, and are oviparous.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" > </span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"> <style>@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">Family Viperidae </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">(3 subfamilies): Viperidae has a very large distribution, and is considered worldwide except Papuaustralia and oceanic islands. All viperids are venomous and have solenoglyphous fangs. Cranial infrared receptors are present in some species and girdle and limb elements are absent externally and internally. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Azemiopinae </span>(monotypice, <i style="">Azemiops feae</i>): This species is found in southern China, Burma, and Vietnam. They lack labial pits and has a distinct choanal process of the palatine. <i style="">Azemiopinae </i><span style=""> </span>are semifossorial and it is unknown if they are oviparious or viviparous.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Crotalinae </span>(26 genera, 160+ species): Members of Crotalinae are found in Southwest and southern Asia and the Americas. They have loreal pit infrared receptors and have a small choanal process on the palatine. These snakes are mainly nocturnal, and prey mainly on vertebrates. They are found in a variety of habits, such as deserts, to cool mountain forests, to wet tropical lowlands. They are maninly terrestrial, but some species are semiaquatic and arboreal. Most are viviparous, although a small number of species are oviparous. <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Crotalinae contains several Ohio species: 1) </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Agkistrodon contortrix mokasan </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(northern copperhead, observed in lab); </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Sistrurus catenatus catenatus</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (eastern massassauga, observed in lab); and </span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Crotalus horridus </i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">(timber rattlesnake, observed in lab).</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" face="arial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span><span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBkIz95OXZ5f2S8dxJibFPKTA8yEvYQniGsrUgDKEnyzEBio3G0wF03wlSfb7PzUlL_YBlp_t5dH-UXhtTbNni3a5rejbSF5LD2JU6NbfM_MEaEH7JF0Cm579PAIlrmLxvcw7_P07EdFS/s1600/100_2209.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBkIz95OXZ5f2S8dxJibFPKTA8yEvYQniGsrUgDKEnyzEBio3G0wF03wlSfb7PzUlL_YBlp_t5dH-UXhtTbNni3a5rejbSF5LD2JU6NbfM_MEaEH7JF0Cm579PAIlrmLxvcw7_P07EdFS/s400/100_2209.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723131524434123170" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Subfamily Viperinae </span>(13 genera, 65+ species): Members of Viperinae are found in Africa, Europe, and Asia. They are characterized by lacking loreal pits and a choanal process on the palatine. Most members of this subfamily are terrestrial, and occur in desert to forest habitat. Many species are diurnal, although others are nocturnal hunters. This subfamily includes some species that are viviparous, and some that are oviparous. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p> <span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:85%;" ></span><p></p>Daniel Paluhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06358496312314403927noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2424598871502183234.post-35267215912381720132012-03-23T11:04:00.017-04:002012-05-18T15:08:45.754-04:00Lab #6 Lepidosauria: Serpentes & Ophidia - Chris K & Cait F<a href="http://thewildones.faketrix.com/content/pictures/original/awesome-snake-bite-photo.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://thewildones.faketrix.com/content/pictures/original/awesome-snake-bite-photo.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 234px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 328px;" /></a>SNAKES. Of extant Eureptilia, as mentioned in the last lab, the sister to Archosauromorphs are Lepidosauromorphs. Squamata (lizards and snakes) belong to the latter. We've already explored the lizards in this group, but now it's time to talk about the snakes!<br />
<br />
Snakes have a lot of distinguishing features from lizards; since leglessness has evolved in both lizards and snakes we look at skulls and fangs.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNmIehtOonXHfjR5GJ6SdxSkRdT_yLPNgO2LRuXojH7YtxGFPvbEsO1mOoEivQ02a0fa1H0MTnvtAlCRjEJ2jG8o07Jcqz1I7P9XIzQU-2QldQimtF0WCNJPJNdznRgHQnh48SX0sBi1Vf/s1600/IMG_0370.JPG"></a><br />
Snake skulls articulate on the quadrate bone involving the lower jaw, making it <span style="font-weight: bold;">Streptostyly</span>. You can see the snake below actively using this jaw opening feature to ingest prey larger than it's skull:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDenJGhuoDz7On_MmZjbS2-Y6QmxwXml64WvcXM1oDx82j3rHRCnia0b4xE3sbw1T254Pql2zNZ7BKjoKEFHqYCXPzlnDwwfSrT_Se1IkhVuEKRIR7UoHdkM56VclAU9ST2x3Qj8Q48efW/s1600/IMG_0371.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723143860934677010" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDenJGhuoDz7On_MmZjbS2-Y6QmxwXml64WvcXM1oDx82j3rHRCnia0b4xE3sbw1T254Pql2zNZ7BKjoKEFHqYCXPzlnDwwfSrT_Se1IkhVuEKRIR7UoHdkM56VclAU9ST2x3Qj8Q48efW/s320/IMG_0371.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 228px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="http://reptilis.net/index4/needles.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://reptilis.net/index4/needles.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 268px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 313px;" /></a>They also can have re-curved, evolved teeth for securing food. Some species of snakes have fangs, which have evolved independently multiple times as teeth specialized to deliver venom to prey. The major teeth and fangs are:<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Aglypous</span> (no grooves, typical re-curved teeth found in all species of snakes)</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Opisthogypous</span> (rear-fanged - positioned on the back of the maxilla - with a conspicuous groove for delivering venom)</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Proteroglypous </span>(front-fanged, - positioned at the front of the mouth or reduced maxilla, typically static orientation, folded and hollow in the center)</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solenoglyphous</span> (most-derived retractable teeth, hollow and pipe-grooved for deep venom injection - positioned on high maxilla)</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXbYc4mJU36b3dvD_GN9Kd57hwO17ixZcqRpZOI1_1th-lqGQus6IPIBQahELkoWSOx9zaizvhsYTajS9kAzN8RR0bja5ATstyEZXl2Tn1u-B3vbjzGVUB_Nf95F9EEFummhvP3igVeUQC/s1600/IMG_0388.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723145892875981010" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXbYc4mJU36b3dvD_GN9Kd57hwO17ixZcqRpZOI1_1th-lqGQus6IPIBQahELkoWSOx9zaizvhsYTajS9kAzN8RR0bja5ATstyEZXl2Tn1u-B3vbjzGVUB_Nf95F9EEFummhvP3igVeUQC/s320/IMG_0388.jpg" style="float: right; height: 182px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
Snake teeth and fangs:<br />
<br />
Just like lizards, snake phylogeny is controversial and many hypothesizes have been proposed from morphological and behavioral data, but we work from the vantage point that 16 families have been determined. Here we looked at five families in particular.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />1. Colubridae = Colubrids</span>: 7 subfamilies<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQQ4p0qy5j9j4hWbGIjb_R4j4HLFVmIKfy2UHn0HXK0o7Kf4jMxTVu5UeDiVvhqj14vilIIMCQB8fJ7yYcNYlYEivn2PYfJKhuXY2BPU0_Uqjm3HFFkS1_TbMTLosLS6gwVnYzmP_mV6Sh/s1600/IMG_0377.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723145221725100754" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQQ4p0qy5j9j4hWbGIjb_R4j4HLFVmIKfy2UHn0HXK0o7Kf4jMxTVu5UeDiVvhqj14vilIIMCQB8fJ7yYcNYlYEivn2PYfJKhuXY2BPU0_Uqjm3HFFkS1_TbMTLosLS6gwVnYzmP_mV6Sh/s320/IMG_0377.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 240px; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a>Distribution: Worldwide except for Antarctica and oceanic islands</li>
<li>Characteristics: Colubrids are the most diverse paraphyletic family of snakes that includes <span style="font-weight: bold;">aglyphous</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">opisthoglyphous</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">proteroglyphous</span> taxa. Girdle and limb elements are absent externally and internally. They also lack infrared receptors. </li>
</ul>
<u><b><span style="color: #38761d;">*Ohio subfamilies</span></b>:</u><br />
>><span style="font-weight: bold;">Colubrinae</span>
: More than 100 genera<br />
Distribution: Worldwide
<br />
Characteristics: Highly diverse biology and ecology, generalists and mostly oviparous.<br />
<b><u style="color: #38761d;">*OHIO SPECIES:</u></b> <br />
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<a href="http://www.smoothgreensnake.com/images/smooth-green-snake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="http://www.smoothgreensnake.com/images/smooth-green-snake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Opheodrys vernalis</span> (Smooth Green Snake): much of state<br />
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<a href="http://cryptobranchidae.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/img_0464web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://cryptobranchidae.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/img_0464web.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Opheodrys</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> aestivus</span> (Rough Green Snake): southern third of state<br />
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coiledblueracersnake.jpg/220px-Coiledblueracersnake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coiledblueracersnake.jpg/220px-Coiledblueracersnake.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coluber constrictor foxii </span>(Blue Racer)<br />
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<a href="http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/reptiles/snakes/northern-black-racer/Coluber%20constrictor%20Smith%20Mt%20State%20Park%2013%20June%202009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/reptiles/snakes/northern-black-racer/Coluber%20constrictor%20Smith%20Mt%20State%20Park%2013%20June%202009.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Coluber constrictor</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> constrictor </span>(Northern Black Racer)<br />
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<a href="http://blueollie.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/black-rat-snake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://blueollie.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/black-rat-snake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Pantherophis obsoletus obsoletus </span>(Black Rat Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.easternfoxsnake.com/images/eastern-fox-snake-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="http://www.easternfoxsnake.com/images/eastern-fox-snake-3.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Pantherophis</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> vulpina</span> (Fox Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.reptilesweb.com/images/stories/Snake/eastern-milk-snake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://www.reptilesweb.com/images/stories/Snake/eastern-milk-snake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum </span>(Eastern Milk Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://i194.photobucket.com/albums/z161/Newt1453/BlackKingsnake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://i194.photobucket.com/albums/z161/Newt1453/BlackKingsnake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Lampropeltis</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> getula nigra</span> (Black Kingsnake): southern part of state<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">>>Natricinae</span>: 38 genera<br />
Distribution: North America to northern Central America, Africa and Eurasia through the West Indies. Characteristics: Generally small and most are labeled aquatic snakes that specialize feeding on fish and amphibians (only leaving water for basking and reproduction)<br />
<b><u style="color: #38761d;">*OHIO SPECIES:</u></b> <br />
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<a href="http://www.herp-pix.org/nerodia/sipedon9.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="http://www.herp-pix.org/nerodia/sipedon9.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Nerodia sipedon sipedon</span> (Northern Water Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herp-pix.org/nerodia/pleuralis1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://www.herp-pix.org/nerodia/pleuralis1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Nerodia sipedon</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> pleuralis</span> (Midland Water Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/2008research/images/image037.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/2008research/images/image037.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Nerodia</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> erythrogaster neglecta </span>(Copperbelly Water Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/images/wildlife_images/queensnake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="http://www.dec.ny.gov/images/wildlife_images/queensnake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Regina septemvittata </span>(Queen Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6217/6209189597_4e3085644a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6217/6209189597_4e3085644a.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Thamnophis butleri</span> (Butler’s Garter Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://southwesternherp.com/images/sirtalis-AransasCo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://southwesternherp.com/images/sirtalis-AransasCo.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis</span> (Eastern Garter Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herp-pix.org/thamnophis4/P1050134.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.herp-pix.org/thamnophis4/P1050134.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Thamnophis</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> radix radix</span> (Eastern Plains Garter Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herp-pix.org/thamnophis3/P1000766.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.herp-pix.org/thamnophis3/P1000766.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Thamnophis</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> sauritus sauritus</span> (Eastern Ribbon Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://michherptrips.webs.com/ribbon%20001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://michherptrips.webs.com/ribbon%20001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Thamnophis</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> sauritus septentrionalis </span>(Northern Ribbon Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://img17.imageshack.us/img17/5346/brownsnake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://img17.imageshack.us/img17/5346/brownsnake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Storeria dekayi wrightorum</span> (Midland Brown Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://i.pbase.com/o3/94/339594/1/117126261.PZIJvTwN.IMG_3583.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://i.pbase.com/o3/94/339594/1/117126261.PZIJvTwN.IMG_3583.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Storeria</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> dekayi dekayi</span> (Northern Brown Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herpwiki.com/photo/6-large-storeria_occipitomaculata_occipitomaculata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://www.herpwiki.com/photo/6-large-storeria_occipitomaculata_occipitomaculata.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Storeria </span><span style="font-style: italic;">occipitomaculata occipitomaculata</span> (Northern Redbelly Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/stories/reptiles/snakes/Virginia_earthsnake/Virginia_earthsnake_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/stories/reptiles/snakes/Virginia_earthsnake/Virginia_earthsnake_2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Virginia valeriae valeriae</span> (Eastern Smooth Earth Snake)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YXusZwzHrFswOhr3MklMFEg3y-BzSr2DgsEnUInBeoa6JWXuP3u4d1bOc0rhMFJGuylZM3FGe7s5f2MhXO7sJQv3w34EyqilncN0BkCxZzrwSP5UkdV0C4f5MvZV33LXJoWpphmtaWzz/s1600/IMG_0383.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723145421274408162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YXusZwzHrFswOhr3MklMFEg3y-BzSr2DgsEnUInBeoa6JWXuP3u4d1bOc0rhMFJGuylZM3FGe7s5f2MhXO7sJQv3w34EyqilncN0BkCxZzrwSP5UkdV0C4f5MvZV33LXJoWpphmtaWzz/s200/IMG_0383.JPG" style="float: right; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 320px;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">>>Dipsadinae</span>: over 90 genera<br />
Distribution: Americas<br />
Characteristics: Occur in all habitats except marine and are mostly generalist predators. These new world terrestrial snakes are also predominantly oviparous. They're also venomous but not powerful enough to do much damage to a human other than swelling.<br />
<b><u style="color: #38761d;">*OHIO SPECIES:</u></b><br />
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<a href="http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_TPN/0038/320/Diadophis_punctatus,I_TPN3810.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_TPN/0038/320/Diadophis_punctatus,I_TPN3810.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
<i>Diadophis punctatus edwardsi </i>(Northern Ringneck Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/stories/reptiles/snakes/Heterodon_hognose_snake/EHognoseClose_S.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/stories/reptiles/snakes/Heterodon_hognose_snake/EHognoseClose_S.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Heterodon platyrhinos</span> (Eastern Hognose Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/0000_0000/0407/2846.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/0000_0000/0407/2846.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Carphophis amoenus amoenus</span> (Eastern Worm Snake)<br />
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<a href="http://www.psychoticnature.com/photo/11684-midwestern_worm_snake-carphophis_amoenus_helenae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://www.psychoticnature.com/photo/11684-midwestern_worm_snake-carphophis_amoenus_helenae.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Carphophis amoenus </span><span style="font-style: italic;">helenae</span> (Midwest Worm Snake)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />2. Elapidae = Cobras, Kraits, Sea Snakes, Death Adders, Allies</span>: 2 subfamilies (<span style="font-weight: bold;">Elapinae</span>:17 terrestrial genera, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Hydrophiinae</span>:43 aquatic genera)<br />
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<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaqgNBLlwMOHTRwL2bddmz4zu-Ohv4SWQExKahuYiyodbbJTTw9QLmHONMJVWrpbP0dzHe4MCEjYkvOvW0N1CrS9jdjgeSEq0zPXA-8kCNAJro6TuDbSztldQEMyzw1xzjNn6YB2ju-sYo/s1600/IMG_0386.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723145714941483458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaqgNBLlwMOHTRwL2bddmz4zu-Ohv4SWQExKahuYiyodbbJTTw9QLmHONMJVWrpbP0dzHe4MCEjYkvOvW0N1CrS9jdjgeSEq0zPXA-8kCNAJro6TuDbSztldQEMyzw1xzjNn6YB2ju-sYo/s320/IMG_0386.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 240px; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a>Distribution: Southern North America to southern South America, Africa, southern Asia to southern Australia and the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans.</li>
<li>Characteristics: Elapids are venomous snakes that have and erect fang anteriorly on each maxillary bone, exemplifying <span style="font-weight: bold;">proteroglypous </span>dentation. Elapids lack infrared receptors in pits or surface indentations. The girdle and limb elements are absent externally and internally. The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Elapinae</span> are oviparous and semifossorial genera, while the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Hydrophiinae</span> are mostly aquatic with a characteristic "paddle tail".</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> 3. Viperidae = Vipers</span>: 3 subfamilies (<span style="font-weight: bold;">Azemiopinae</span>:1 genera, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Crotalinae</span>:26 genera, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Viperinae</span>:13 genera).<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AwVVcxEopkR5DrnABEsiVAo2_x-bTWYvZnk_YRMJroWTKSKx0jD7-hrlHqV0gxYFo8u_-NEMoipqxOqXPEwWsoSsB-3mN4KSU-gbEWEz_vcEpBqIxblwLoJweR9cswK_wTLHHsb2_Hru/s1600/IMG_0372.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723144063016152162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AwVVcxEopkR5DrnABEsiVAo2_x-bTWYvZnk_YRMJroWTKSKx0jD7-hrlHqV0gxYFo8u_-NEMoipqxOqXPEwWsoSsB-3mN4KSU-gbEWEz_vcEpBqIxblwLoJweR9cswK_wTLHHsb2_Hru/s320/IMG_0372.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 246px; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a>Distribution: Worldwide, except Papuaustralia and oceanic islands.</li>
<li>Characteristics: Viperids are venomous snakes. They have cranial infrared receptors that occur in loreal pits in crotalines or beneath scale surfaces. Most are viviparous although some lay eggs in clutches of ten. Subfamily <span style="font-weight: bold;">Viperinae</span> lack loreal pits. Girdle and limb elements are absent externally and internally. They have distinctly triangular heads and characteristic rotating <span style="font-weight: bold;">solenoglypous</span> fangs.</li>
</ul>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">*<u>Ohio Subfamily</u></span></b>:<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Crotaline</span><br />
<b>(From left to right)</b><span style="font-style: italic;"> Sistrurus catenatus catenatus </span>(Eastern Massassauga) = Rattle, wet prairie specialists,<span style="font-style: italic;"> Agkistrodon contortrix mokasan</span> (Northern Copperhead: Mokasan) = No rattle, basal group, and <span style="font-style: italic;">Crotalus horridus</span> (Timber Rattlesnake) = Rattle, hardwood specialists, dark tail<br />
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<a href="http://www.blumenboas.com/images/Pinky/slides/IMG_0895.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://www.blumenboas.com/images/Pinky/slides/IMG_0895.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> 4. Boidae = Boas</span>: 2 subfamilies <span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />-Booinea</span>:7 genera<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
Distribution: The subfamily Booinea is found in tropical Americas (new world)<br />
Characteristics: They are non-venomous constrictors with a stretostyly, most have infrared labial pits and vestigal pelvic elements, and they don't have fangs. They do have spurs which are small on arboral taxa and larger on terrestrial/aquatic taxa.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">-Erycinae</span>:4 genera<br />
Distribution: The subfamily Erycinae is found in Africa, SE Asia, and Australia (old world).<br />
Charcteristics: They lack labial pits altogether and are semi-fossorial snakes. They are viviparous with robust cylindrical bodies, small eyes, blunt heads, and short tails. They live in arid habitats so they are mostly nocturnal.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> 5. Pythonidae = Pythons</span>: Only 8 genera (Aspidites, Antaresia, Apodora, Bothrochilus, Leiopython, Liasis, Morelia, Python)<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBDVXYy6O6p7AVULRDIoDcw7SZtAHns9pP9oDnqrKxpwvNXmYNSbW4nymWwAdjnB8TasY7vXXdu0usuhGSNM10UlJiTfQbaIK4htiTsZHUp8vx2O3RpCSNzqcHbp1H351K3HASqFobqHW/s1600/IMG_0387.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5723144277863427746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBDVXYy6O6p7AVULRDIoDcw7SZtAHns9pP9oDnqrKxpwvNXmYNSbW4nymWwAdjnB8TasY7vXXdu0usuhGSNM10UlJiTfQbaIK4htiTsZHUp8vx2O3RpCSNzqcHbp1H351K3HASqFobqHW/s320/IMG_0387.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 240px; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a>Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern and SE Asia and Australia.</li>
<li>Characteristics: They are large to giant in size and have longitudinally-oriented maxillaries and solid teeth. They have cranial infrared receptors in interlabial pits and forage above ground but some are semi-aquatic. Cloacal spurs are on hind limb vestiges of pelvic remnants and they are oviparous tending to coil around their eggs for incubation.</li>
</ul>Chris K and Cait Fhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16477140868337648831noreply@blogger.com1